Monopoly Of The Postal Service Essays - United States Postal Service

Imposing business model Of The Postal Service Essays - United States Postal Service Imposing business model of the Postal Service In the United States economy most markets can be characterized into four unique markets structures. Yet, every single market in the United States is totally one of a kind from the others. For the most part the best sort of market structure for the overall population is per-fect rivalry since it makes the least conceivable cost for the open. There are a few special cases were immaculate rivalry isn?t the best decision for the general population because of different reasons. The United States Postal Service is one of them and since the Postal Service is a restraining infrastructure, it is its own market. This paper will talk about the financial plan difficulties that the postal assistance has looked for as long as twenty years what's more, in the event that it is to the greatest advantage of the economy for the United States Postal Service to proceed as an imposing business model. The first run through there was discussion of privatizing the Postal Administration was in 1979 when the Postal Service was losing immense measures of cash over the long haul. Be that as it may, since the Postal Service is a need for America, the legislature needed to finance the administration all together for it to proceed in activity. In 1979 the United States Postal Service had an income of $22.5 Billion and was furthermore accepting $176 million from investing(#1, Intro). Indeed, even with this additional income the Postal Service was still enormously under financed all alone (#1, Intro). During this time it was talked about to privatize the postal help and present rivalry as a result of the outrageous misfortunes that the administration was encountering. A positive contention for privatizing the Postal Administration was with various rivals in the market there would be more proficiency and people in general would get lower costs. In any case, this would likewise build the use of assets, for instance planes and vehicles. One of the issues the Post Office had was its receipts from customer buys that were presented the following day after the exchange (#1, I). In the event that the receipts were submitted before the postal administration would get more cash since they could put away that cash sooner (#1, I). Another way the Postal Service could expanded benefits was by seriously choosing banks that would give them higher loan costs and such (#1, ii). Likely the most pertinent what's more, last approach to improve the spending plan of the Postal Service is to improve the accounting poli-cies and banking strategies (#1, ii). Not exclusively did the Post Service propose to build benefits yet they likewise proposed to reduce expenses in various manners. There were three strategies that were proposed in 1946 for the security of pay rates that does not exist anymore (#2, Intro). These have to do with the rustic mail transporters. Under this outdated technique for conveying mail the Postal Administration was los-ing cash to any mail that went to country regions (#2, I) There are 48,000 mail bearers that convey mail to a great many families that are viewed as living in provincial settings; this costs the postal Service 858 million dollars per year (#2, I). This is a genuinely simple issue to fix thinking about how much cash is being lost. It was recommended that cash misfortune could be altogether chopped down if the Postal Service adjusted the accompanying issues. The country mail transporters were allocated a specific measure of time to convey to a explicit provincial region, this strategy was obsolete and along these lines the transporters possess free energy for which they got paid for (#2, ii). The next issue was that other mail courses put together offer with appreciation to what number of miles the course secured, so the transporters were getting paid by the mile (#2, iii). With this issue fixed the Postal Service could spared 26.8 million every year (#2, iii). There was additionally an hourly rate that was in impact which in a roundabout way advanced wasteful assistance (#2, iii). A stop to this could have spared the Postal Service $255,000 every year (#2, iii). From the num-bers referenced above, it very well may be seen why the United States Postal Service was losing such a lot of cash. These issues did without a doubt in the long run got understood over the recent years and now the Postal Service is making record breaking benefits. Presently in the primary quarter

Literature Review and Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing Review and Report - Essay Example The development of wines in the market encouraged Fosters to move in these wine ventures, and he procures more than anticipated contrasted with its past business, the lager organization. In the USA, it’s been expressed that its ceaseless development in the previous 30 years has delighted in and has never experienced two years of falling interest. In any case, this summarized had changed when overcapacity in the creation of wines happened. What's more, lamentably, this case is currently the wellspring of a considerable lot of Foster’s issues. Beringer Blass Wine Estates (2004), for example, merged some creation and warehousing offices, recorded the book estimation of abundance mass wine stock, and chose non-key vineyards in California and Australia to set available to be purchased. Same with what happened to Fosters when he experienced the overcapacity in his creation, compelling Fosters to make changes before his wine business will consequently drops By the main portion of 2003, Fosters income had dropped to 64 percent because of profound value cutting since other wine business, or its rivals had removed their net revenues. The prompt fall of income of Fosters obliged him to reduce expenses leveled with the expenses of its rivals. Be that as it may, Fosters didn’t connect promptly in arranged change before its wine business stumbled into difficulty. Cultivates was anticipating that, sooner, the business he created on the former years will proceed on the next years. In any case, he rather experienced more challenges and accordingly cleared that Fosters expected to experience noteworthy changes to refocus. The principal he does was the arrangement of another CEO, Trevor O’Hoy, which likewise headed the wine business. Their primary focussed under the new CEO, which are the greatest dangers to Fosters effectively doing this change program, was focussed on reducing expenses and improving efficiencies. A built up organiza tion in a developing business sector is

Proposed MITAdmissions Labs

Proposed MITAdmissions Labs Earlier this year, I blogged about how we are redesigning MITAdmissions.org. We still are, and its going well. I think were meeting most of the goals we set in the bullet points at the bottom of that blog. But theres one in particular Ive kept turning over in my head: how to help prospective students (and their parents) more clearly envision their potential experience at and after MIT As I thought about this, I kept on thinking about how student projects like Courseroad and Firehose have added so much value to current students understanding MIT. So I fired up the old email client and sent the following email to dormspam: Hello, fellow kids As you may know, we are redesigning mitadmissions.org (and sfs.mit.edu) this summer, and I am overseeing the projects. We are working with Upstatement, who designed the new SoS website and forthcoming new mit.edu. I like working with Upstatement, and I think their new website for us will be very good. Indeed, I am worried about it being too good. I see two core challenges ahead of us that I want to solve before we launch in September: * Maintaining/extending the weird, fun, students just made this for you aesthetic that characterizes the blogs tonally * Helping prospective students better understand the really-hard-to-understand-until-you-are-here stuff about MIT, like what youll study, where youll live, who youll meet, and who youll become The idea I have is something Ive been thinking of as MITAdmissions Labs, or MITAdmissions Beta, or possibly MITAdmissions, but bad ideas. The idea is to solicit student-made web interactives that could be embedded in our new site (or, depending on whats needed technically, linked to at like labs.mitadmissions.org/badidea1) and presented to prospectives as like here, this is a fun thing that may help you understand MIT, not only in the literal way but also at the cultural level. Think firehose, but not necessarily as useful. I want these to be your ideas, not mine, but to give you the kind of thing Im thinking about, here are some of the ideas Ive jotted down: * A magic 8 ball that, when clicked, pulls a random class out of the catalog, or club from ASA list * An alethiometer that tells you what dorm to live in (could be forked from this which Im involved with) * A personality test that generates an RPG-style MIT student character/bitmoji for you with hairstyle, dorm location, major, virtue, vice, etc Or whatever. Im really pretty open to linking toalmost anything, so long as it in some way could be argued to help make MIT more understandable to prospective students, whether or not it does so in the most straightline manner possible If you want to be involved with any of this, and help figure it out, or have suggestions for what to do in the future, let me know, and add yourself to [email list] to be involved or simply know about next steps. Hope youre having a good summer!! Drink water, its p. great. Since then, a few dozen students have joined a mailing list and Slack channel to work on ideas. I dont know what will come out of it, or what well launch with, but this approach seems Correct and I hope it works. If you have any bad ideas suggestions about what might be built, feel free to slam them into the comments below! (p.s. before you ask, we probably wont link to prospective student projects, because I feel like that would create weird expectations that I dont want. But I do want your weird ideas, very much so!)

Essay on 1984 And The Left Hand Of Darkness - 1634 Words

The two books Nineteen Eighty-Four and The Left Hand of Darkness help to define humanity and truth. Humanity is the condition, quality or fact of being human collectively. The definition of truth is things as they are, things as they have been, and things as they are to come. Truth cannot change because it does not reflect a personal perspective. These books illustrate how humans relate towards themselves, friends, enemies and humanity as a whole. Truth allows humans to stand-alone. When they find truth they are able to be one against the whole. quot;Being in a minority even a minority of one did not make you mad. There was truth and there was untruth, and if you clung to the truth even against the whole world, you were not†¦show more content†¦217, Nineteen Eighty-Four) Yet when the trial comes and his worst fear is realized, he betrays her in the end. quot;Do it to Julia! Do it to Julia! Not me! I dont care what you do to her. Tear her face off, strip her to the bones. Not me! Julia! Not me!quot; (Pg. 227, Nineteen Eighty-Four) In the Left Hand of Darkness, Estraven steals food and supplies for Genly Ai and himself even though he knew stealing was so despised. quot;Stealing is a vile crime on Winter; indeed the only man more despised then the thief is the suicide.quot; (Pg. 205, The Left Hand of Darkness) Estraven betrays Genly Ai because he left him alone after their long journey by purposely allowing himself to be shot. quot;He could have stopped. He saw the guards. He ran right into the guns.(Genly Ai) The young physician said nothing for a while. Youre not saying that he killed himself? Perhaps- That is a bitter thing to say of a friend.quot; (Pg. 286, The Left Hand of Darkness) A friend fills many roles from tormenter to lover, but serves the main purpose of helping a person survive. In the book Nineteen Eighty-Four, Winston has only one friend left after the interrogation and makes this comment about OBrien. quot;He was the tormenter, he was the protector, he was the inquisitor, he was the friend.quot; (Pg. 193, Nineteen Eighty-Four) Being a friend allows OBrien to fill many roles in Winstons life. Genly Ai questions friendship on Winter because the people wereShow MoreRelated Cultural Values in The Left Hand of Darkness, The Fellowship of the Ring, and Dune1485 Words   |  6 PagesShaping of Cultural Values Through Environment in The Left Hand of Darkness, The Fellowship of the Ring, and Dune      Ã‚   Ursuala K. LeGuins The Left Hand of Darkness was written after J.R.R. Tolkiens The Fellowship of the Ring and Frank Herberts Dune. One of the most interesting comparisons between the three novels is how the authors treat the issue of cross-cultural misunderstandings. 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After his arrival, he reveals a diary he had brought from a small store and proceeds to write in it, though he knows that revealing his thoughts in such a manner was likely to get him killed. However, despite the heightened threat in his small betrayal, life proceeds as seems to be normal for Winston. He goes to hisRead MoreThe Case of Malcolm Farley1275 Words   |  5 Pagesapprehending a criminal they were after for a long time. The role of paint analysis in this case was enormous and to date it is one of the cases people refer to when discussing the relationship between forensic science and crime (Smith, 2005). In 1984, Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire residents suffered sleepless nights with fear and terror in their homes. Armed burglaries, rape as well as indecent and uncouth sexual assaults became the order of the day. The residents barred their windows, the policeRead More The Quintessential Negative Utopia in George Orwells 1984 Essay3723 Words   |  15 PagesNegative Utopia in George Orwells 1984 1984 is George Orwells arguably his most famous novel, and it remains one of the most powerful warnings ever made against the dangers of a totalitarian society. George Orwell was primarily a political novelist as a result of his life experiences. In Spain, Germany, and Russia, Orwell had seen for himself the peril of absolute political authority in an age of advanced technology; he illustrated that peril harshly in 1984. Orwells book could be consideredRead MoreChapter One : Down With Big Brother3355 Words   |  14 PagesHannah Gates Mrs. Carlson Pre AP English II 3 August 2015 Assignment 1 1984 Book One, Chapter One: Down With Big Brother Summary: We are introduced to the world in which Winston Smith lives, Winston shows his discontent towards Big Brother through his illegal diary, and he realizes he might not be alone in his rebellion towards Big Brother. 1984 Book One, Chapter Two: Thoughtcrime IS Death Summary: Winston helps his neighbor, Parsons, whose children accuse him of being a thoughtcriminal andRead MoreDevelopemental stages of Georges Life from Life as a House the movie1551 Words   |  7 Pagesthe shame and remorse of having his own mother being beaten by his father conditioned George in one of the worst ways possible. From this conditioning George is destined to bring this to the table in a way when became a father. George on the other hand rejected to take on the same role as his father and instead tried to be the opposite of his father. As a result George did not drink, beat his wife, or abuse his child. This was a good theory but this still did not work as well as he planned and practicallyRead MoreThroughout the book 1984, by George Orwell, society was constantly being monitored and limited in1200 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the book 1984, by George Orwell, society was constantly being monitored and limited in their freedom. Orwell wrote this book to depict the most absolute and powerful totalitarian government. It showed people of his time how this could all be a possibility in the near future and the risks of accepting this form of control. He was able to create an extreme portrayal of the extent rulers would go to, to obtain total power over everyone. In the book, the government had set up a world of liesRead MoreEssay on Franz Kafkas Use of Humor1619 Words   |  7 Pagesmoment an d sprang erect in bed. Only one hand touched the ceiling to steady him (Kafka 84). The transformation of the sick father to a grotesque ogre (Pascal 42) is not only shocking but comically so. Georgs father goes on to kick and yell at Georg extensively. Through this entire barrage and beating from his father the only thought that pops into Georgs head is he has pockets even in his shirt (Kafka 86) referring to his fathers nightshirt. This left turn from the heat of the moment is quirkyRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Homi K. Bhabhas How Newness Enters The World: Postmodern space, postcolonial times and the trials of cultural translation1610 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge and name only through translation (70-71). It is the gap between the original and the translated text that Bhabha terms as the liminal space. To illustrate this use of translation in cultural terms Bhabha cites Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness. He argues that Marlows lie to the intended (about her fiancà ©s last words) is an example of cultural translation where Marlow does not merely repress the truth ... as much as he enacts a poetics of translation.... (212). Marlow inhabits the

Sample Persuasive Message - 1116 Words

Sample Persuasive Message Rodolfo G. Garcia Jr. COMM/470 August 22, 2011 Margarette Chavez Sample Persuasive Message E-tailing, short for electronic retailing is the sale of retail merchandise over the internet. There are many factors that beckon different behaviors in e-tailing ( Searchcio.com, 2011 ). It is the new wave of the world today. As technology steers our habits toward electronic commerce, it affects different behavioral aspects for both e-tailers and their customers. E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, is the buying and selling of goods and services on the internet ( Searchcio.com, 2011 ). It is important to identify and understand some behaviors inherent to e-tailing so that we can learn how to properly†¦show more content†¦Relationship building builds loyalty. Knowing their preferences in different areas, and allowing them to communicate through message boards or other means within the created community can further enhance the relationship. In this case, the website is the medium of choice. Trust Another behavior inherent to e-tailing is really a sub product of loyalty. It is trust. This is built by consistently maintaining customer satisfaction. This can be accomplished in several ways. Consistent delivery of goods and services, and ensuring the order is complete and correct is a huge step in building trust ( Turban,E., et al., 2008 ). Keeping promises, and making it easy for customers to conduct all business including ease of returning an item, replacing defective products in a timely manner, or issuing refunds in a simple and timely manner can go a long way in building trust ( Turban,E., et al., 2008 ). Mediums for this trait are several. It could be via computer using instant messaging. Another medium used to communicate for this behavior is through the phone. Exhibiting customer service in assisting a customer is a must to establish trust. Also some sort of efficient parcel service for exchange of items is very important to the trust process, as it is a means of conveyance for efficient delivery of physical goods. Sample Message As a financial services giant, USAA is committed toShow MoreRelatedSample Persuasive Message1623 Words   |  7 PagesSample Persuasive Message Your Name COMM 470 Instructore March 29, 2012 Sample Persuasive Message Most people have ventured onto the world wide web. Some enter the online world to check email from family members far away. Other people enjoy the web to watch videos on YouTube of babies doing the weirdest thing. Some log online for social media websites that let them know what their friends, family and celebrities are doing that day. Most people who have ventured online have shopped onRead MoreSample Persuasive Message1317 Words   |  6 PagesSample persuasive message COMM/470 Communicating In The Virtual Workplace Electronic commerce has become a part of everyday lives. Many retail choices available through the Internet, which can save time, effort, and provide a greater selection. Electronic retailers (e tailers) realize this has become an increasingly competitive environment. These retailers must not only find new customers but also retain the existing customers. As with any retail-company, business research isRead MoreSample Persuasive Message1105 Words   |  5 PagesSample Persuasive Message Judy Robertson COMM 470 May 23, 2011 Dr. Janice Carter-Steward Sample Persuasive Message In this paper the subject to identify is three behaviors inherent in e-tailing, explain how each medium enables e-commerce, and analyze each behavior using the communication process. The three behaviors to be discussed are independent variables, intervening variables, and dependent variables. Two types of independent variables are personal characteristics and environmentalRead MorePersuasion Is The Act Of Changing Individuals1357 Words   |  6 Pagespersuasion attempts fail. This suggests that a persistent attempt to persuade can actually backfire, because the individual feels that the persuasive message is directly threatening their personal freedom. This threat to their personal freedom will often produce a defiant response which is called the boomerang effect. The individual reacts against the intended message and takes on a totally different attitude because they become irritated and their reaction is to go against the persuader, especially ifRead MoreImpact of Persuasive Advertisements on Consumer Buying Behavior Towards Health Related Products.1296 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚   | RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT |   Ã‚  Ã‚   | Research Title: |    |   Impact of persuasive advertisements on consumer buying behavior towards health related products. | Introduction: |   Ã‚   | This thesis is about the study of consumer buying behavior towards health related product and their perceptions after watching advertisements and then make their decisions whether to purchase the product or not. 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This essay will explain the analysis of each behavior using the communication process, which will explain the purpose, sender, receiver, message, environment, noise, technology, and feedback. At the end persuasive message focused on virtual audience will be developed and included in this essay. When a customer starts to search for a product or service on the Internet, there are many factors taken into consideration. In most casesRead MoreSample Message Essay1345 Words   |  6 PagesSample Persuasiv e Message COMM/470 Sample Persuasive Message The Internet has created many choices for consumers to shop within the privacy of their own home. The world of e-tailing has many competitors, striving to make a sale each and every time a consumer visits their website. In order to persuade the consumer to purchase a product, a business must effectively communicate the message about their product to the consumer. The primary purpose of a persuasive message is to have the receiverRead MoreA Research Study On Anti Smoking Campaign1494 Words   |  6 Pagesare in inducing higher levels of understanding and commitment to not smoking. Subjective quantitative data will be collected via self-reports. A Visual Analogue Scale (V.A.S.) will measure the audiences’ understanding of the message by asking â€Å"To what extent were the messages easy for you to understand?† wherein a point will be marked on a 100 millimetre (mm) scale ranging from 0, â€Å"not at all,† to 100, â€Å"a very great extent.† The numerical score will be determined through measuring the distance ofRead MorePersuasion Is The Process, And Motivation1322 Words   |  6 PagesPersuasive Speech â€Å"Persuasion is the process, and motivation is the compelling stimulus that encourages your audience to change their beliefs or behavior, to adopt your position, or to consider your arguments, (McLean, 2012)†. Persuasion is an act or process of presenting arguments to move, motivate, or change your audience,†. This involve observation of available means in a public speaking for persuasion, for remember persuading my husband to buy a car for my 40th birthday even that’s not he wants

Fotajek Free Essays

The organizational and financial structure of the Fojtasek companies had been in flux since the spring of 1994. By March 1995, three different financial transactions have been proposed to streamline and restructure the firm: an outright acquisition, a leveraged recapitalization, and a hybrid transaction called â€Å"Private IPO. † Heritage Partners is interested in taking a stake in the Fojtasek Companies by proposing aâ€Å"Private IPO† transaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Fotajek or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper will analyze the health of the Fojtasek companies and the economic benefits gained from Heritage Partners’ proposal. Through careful calculations, one would recommend the proposed transactions to take place between Heritage and the Fojtasek family. Founded in 1986, Heritage Partners has developed a business expertise in family companies. Their value-added can be seen in the General Partners, all of whom had successful track records in Private Equity. Of the three elements that distinguish them, the most important is their development of the â€Å"Private IPO† structure. This financial strategy enables majority holding while reducing estate taxation for the founder and management. For the Fojtasek family, they had been seeking potential buyers to restructure their company. Unlike its other product and distribution channel, business in the Baloleum Division has been declining. Additionally, the founder Joe Fojtasek has decided to step down at the age of 73 and hand over his role to his sons. Thus, Fojtasek companies decided to take advantage of the opportunity to radically streamline its structure for future growth—buyout, leveraged recapitalization, or â€Å"Private IPO. † There are two common disadvantages with leveraged buyouts and recapitalizations: a higher credit and default risk that comes with having a high leverage, and a possible loss of majority control that can lead to conflicts of interest. From both Fojtasek’s and Heritage’s perspective, it would be optimal to have a hybrid transaction that would lower debt levels while retaining family control of operation. From Heritage’s perspective, the exchange of securities under a â€Å"Private IPO,† instead of a large cash payout, would not only leave out ambiguities concerning tax obligations but also make financing for the transaction feasible. Moral hazard of family members is essentially reduced as their equity is being tied to the firm. From Fostasek’s perspective, the ability to retain family control of the company makes certain that some or all of management would not be replaced. In this sense, the â€Å"Private IPO† transaction does address the information gap, making this hybrid strategy an optimal strategy in this context. How to cite Fotajek, Papers

Panopticon Essays - Gaming, Gambling, Entertainment, Casinos

Panopticon The Panopticon in My Life Principles of the Panopticon can appear just about everywhere in our everyday life. The Panopticon itself is a simple system of centralized visualization. The basis of the original Panopticon was a circular prison system with a tower sitting in the middle that had a full, unobstructed view of all the prison cells. I can apply this idea to many situations in my life varying from computer use to my college classrooms. An instance, which stands out the most in my mind as being a panoptic environment, is my experiences in gaming casinos. The basic system of just about every casino is that of the tables (including Roulette, Blackjack and Craps) filling the center of the room with computerized machines (including slots and video poker) that dont need much tending to surrounding the area. Also, in many casinos there is a second floor surrounding the perimeter of the building with balconies everywhere so the main floor is still the center of attention. This setup brings the eye of casino patrons, wherever they may be, to the center of the casino. This strategic arrangement plays with the fact of human nature being drawn to the center of the action. Coincidentally, or not, the games in the center of the casinos are always the games where people often spend the most money. By chance if your eye isnt drawn then perhaps the shrill of people winning will bring your attention. Dont be fooled though, house advantage is always higher than yours. Besides the main setup of the casino building, the layout of the tables are also that of a panoptic style. The difference here is the layout is meant for the casino management to have full view of the players at the tables. Roulette, Blackjack and Craps tables are placed in a circular pattern with an area in the middle roped off for the casino personnel only. Within this area called the pit, stand the pit bosses. Their prime job is to keep an eye on all the tables and regulate them. As a player you barely notice there invading eyes because you are distracted by your game. They make sure there is no foul play on your end such as making sure you pay the right amount for chips, play correctly, and act in a civil manner. They not only keep a close eye on you but they make sure the dealer gives you correct payouts, makes correct change and that the cards, dice or wheel is played properly. Another small panoptic system is the actual tables themselves. Each table, no matter which game, is arranged in a central way that the dealer is in the middle and the players surround him. All the players focus on the dealer and are reliant on his every move. The dealer, representing the house, has the ultimate control of the situation. Although he does not know the outcome, the chances of you losing are always higher. This gives the casino their edge. You completely depend on their outcome even though you do have a decision in how you play. Lastly, the use of surveillance cameras is a prime panoptic example. Surveillance has to be the most prominent use of a Panopticon in society today. Cameras are placed all over the place in a casino in order for the house to have the ultimate, every angle gaze on you. They monitor everything from vandalism to cheating or violence. They even scrutinize how long you have been gambling, what games you have been playing, and how much you have been winning or losing. This last kind of surveillance can definitely work to your advantage when casino comps come into play. Whether it be video surveillance, casino configuration, pit bosses, or dealers a casino is a prime example of a panoptic environment. A casino plays God the best they can. Theyll even design the inside to look like a famous landmark to draw your business and attention. Despite the objectification the panoptic atmosphere brings, it is quite obvious by how well casinos do that we have adapted easily. We are a panoptic society and it can beyond doubt work for or against us. In a casino, I guess if you

Discontinuity of History of Economics

Continuity/Discontinuity of History of Economics Introduction Alfred Marshall (Principles of Economics 21) gave his interpretation to the classical economists as ideally early and crude supply and demand theorists, with the demand side in its earlier stages of development. It is from this interpretation that the continuity debate emerged.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Continuity/Discontinuity of History of Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Marshall indicates, the classical economics approach to the theory of value and distribution was different from that of the Marginalists. Whereas the Marginalists in their framework symmetrically treated profits and wages, the classical economists explained profits in terms of two data sets; real wage and production in progress. Profits are therefore considered as residual income. Continuity vs. Discontinuity The classical economists more specifically Ricardo and Smith were more interested in the laws that govern th e capitalist system characterized by class structure: landowners, workers, and the growing class if capitalists. Under the classical, the theory of value was formulated to ascertain the dominating factors at work and assess their interaction. For them matter cannot be created by man instead it can only be changed from one form or moved. Production of goods involves destruction and the actual cost of a commodity is reflected in terms of the commodity destroyed while in the process of its production. The Neoclassical Economics (NEC) gained its prominence between 1880 and 1890. From this period onwards it remained largely static. Major writings of Alfred Marshall, Richard T. Ely and E.R.A Seligman were rewritten over a period of four decades with very few changes. Neoclassical economics in practice has evolved into a dismal science of choice with most of its choices bad. Under the neoclassical economics if you want something good, then you must give up something good in exchange. The m ajor theme underlying the neoclassical approach is trade off, in order to achieve efficiency, equity must be sacrificed, to attract business then the government must lower its tax rate, and to prevent inflation a considerable majority of the population must remain unemployed. To a large extent neoclassical economics represents a continuity of the classical ideas. There is a close relationship between modern capitalism and the notion of free markets, private tenure and common land rights and demand and supply of goods and services. Productivity is a necessity in the modern world as goods and services are exchanged at a price in the market.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The price used for the exchange of goods and services is determined by various factors. As explained by Scissor †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.., the prices that producers are willing to receive in exchange of the goods and services it determined by the cost of producing the goods and services and they may include all resources used such as exertions of different kinds of labor and waiting on the capital used in production. The goods are exchanged in a market in which it is regarded as a place in which manufacturer sell goods to wholesalers that in return sale to retailers or final consumers. The motivating factor to the exchange of the goods and services is the price that could also be determined by the future expectations. Marshal Scissor notes that the market price of commodities in any given market could also be determined by the stability of equilibrium of a given normal demand and supply (Principles of Economics 21). The equilibrium price of commodities in the market keep on fluctuating based on underlying factors. For instance, increased supply of goods and services leads to an decrease in the equilibrium price while an increase in the demand of the same commodity could result i n an increase in the equilibrium price unless it is closely associated with an equivalent increase in supply (Heilbroner 165). Individuals that were made landless by the expansion of the European land tenure are compensated. The analysis of classical economics begins with the distinction between a commodity market price which tends to continuously fluctuate on a daily basis and the natural price of the same good which has a mea upon which the market price revolves. From this viewpoint, classical economy offers two explanations on the determinants of a commoditys natural price. Basic economics recognizes the fact that there are 3 factors used in the production to generate social wealth. The principle of substitution that exist in the neo-classical economics is a continuation of classical economics since it is applied in almost every field of economic enquiry. The meaning of labor remains the same both in the classical and the neoclassical school of thought. However, the outcomes gain ed due to the human business which is based on combination of land and labor are meant to include land now. In the contemporary neoclassical economics, land as a factor of production has been eliminated from the equation altogether but demand and supply has taken its place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Continuity/Discontinuity of History of Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, there are sufficient grounds to revisit the use of the terms rent and land as they were in the classical economics of the 19th century. Rent refers to the additional output produced by the collective enterprise that has the potential to provide the required revenue to support public services, if it were to be collected in the form of taxes. Shifting taxes from taxes and labor to land markets would be more efficient and would be less painful to the tax payers. Economic rent is the excess output created by the society and it ro tates in the market until the time when it finally rests on land sites. This has the effect of raising land prices. Economic rent is a consequence of the societys collective action rather than the individual enterprise of the title holder. The classical economists had a more favorable view of land value taxation. Smith (230) wrote about ordinary land rent in addition to ground rents. These represent revenue sources that can best bear taxes if they are imposed on them. It is possible to argue that the failure to tax all elements of economic rent has destructive impacts. According to the classical economists, rent collection should be the sum of interest and inflation at the bare minimum. If this does not happen, then the public has the incentive to speculate in a way that will disrupt urban settings more than they constitute in equity. Conclusion In volume one of capital, Marx (56) formulates an influential image of the working day in an attempt to explain the link between reproducti on and exploitation in the capitalist economy. He develops a conceptual framework that explains the link between reproduction and exploitation under the capitalist system. He considers the entire social labor time as the single work day of an average worker, viewed from three different standpoints; the profitability accruing to the capitalist viewed in terms of the division of the value added between profits and wages, reproduction standpoint in terms of the necessary and surplus labor time and finally exploitation in terms of the unpaid and paid labor time. Heilbroner, Robert. The worldly Philosophers. 7 edn. New York: Touchstone. 1997. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marx, Karl. Capital, Volumes I, II, II. New York, NY: Random House. 1976. Print. Principles of Economics. Principles of Economics. Ed. Alfred Marshall. 8th ed. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1920. Library of Economics and Liberty. Web. Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. New York, NY: Random House, 1937. Print.

Go Mobile

Go Mobile According to tech monitor SmallBizTrends.com, over 60 percent of online traffic now comes from mobile devices. Unbeknownst to you, your own website may - right now! - be looking like a bad bowl of alphabet soup: text indecipherably tiny, images disproportionately huge, menus misaligned and the contact form stretched out of bounds of a finger-tap. There goes your chance of that interested editor getting in touch with you for a possible commission or that writers group wishing to purchase your book in bulk for their next reading project! With more people buying smart-phones every day, you need to capitalize on this fast-growing market on the Web: ensure you can reach your mobile audience and they can reach you. The easiest way to do this is to create a mobile-optimized website. This is a version of your desktop website customized for the constraints of mobile viewing, especially the small size of the screen and vertical page alignment. While mobile websites are cost-effective and have a wide reach (anyone with a browser can access a website), they do have two constraints: They are limited in what they can do because they are browser-dependent, and features like Flash and Javascript can be tricky to incorporate. Start your website plan Other considerations will include your available budget, your intended purpose and your must-have features. Want to tout your latest award? Or are you more interested in collecting rave reviews for your debut novel? Perhaps youd like to highlight your flexible rates for ghost-writing services. There are a variety of tools, some free, to help you create a mobile-friendly version of your existing website. Google Mobile Optimizer is the most accessible, but also the least customizable. WordPress offers some plugins,  GoDaddy  has an automated system, other online plug-and-play platforms are  GetGoMobi.com  and Onswipe.com. Simply search online for How to set up a mobile website to get thousands of useful results. Do some due diligence, play around with a few options to explore and get a feel of the technology. During implementation, bear in mind the following three key points: 1. Identify . . . the context and content most relevant to your readers/editors. Remember, they are mobile users, which means they are on the move. They dont want to read pages of PDF of sample articles or

Management Techniques Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Techniques - Research Paper Example Without increasing employee productivity, it is impossible for a company to achieve required goals and objectives in the given time frame. According to Kimball and Nink (2006), employee productivity and engagement are imperative for the success of companies. That is the reason why managers of almost all companies give extreme importance to increase employee productivity and efficiency. Managers use effective management techniques not only to improve their productivity at the workplace but also to motivate them to do their best for the benefit of the company. Let us now discuss some of the common management techniques that managers of most of the companies use to improve overall functioning of their companies in competitive environments. Some of the most common management techniques being used by the managers all over the world include building effective workforce, growth management, incentives and bonuses, and increasing the use of technology. Let us now discuss all of these management techniques to get a better understanding of how managers use these techniques for the growth of their companies. One of the main management techniques used by most of the managers is to build an effective workforce that can help the company achieve its goals and objectives successfully. According to Mabey and Ramirez (2005), managing development greatly contributes to improved firm performance. Managers usually undergo a complete human resource recruitment process for selecting talented individuals whose job competency matches with the requirements of the jobs being offered. They create job descriptions for all of the jobs that they plan to advertise and post them in famous newspapers and magazines. Upon receiving the applications, they analyze each of those and select only those applicants who possess the required set of skills, abilities, and qualification. Once the mangers are done

Body Ritual among the Nacirema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Body Ritual among the Nacirema - Essay Example It has similarly attracted many anthropologists whose concern is to identify and to expose the special unique practices (Murdock, p. 506) their practices embrace the limits to which people’s behavior could explore. The name Nacirema would be reversed to mean American and in that context the majority of the outsiders actually consider them total reverse due to their strange and unique practices. In addition to that, the culture of body ritual among the Nacirema asserts that the body is quite in an ugly state and is vulnerable to diseases and infections. These are a major concern since man intends to make the body appealing, stronger and resistant to illness. And this they believe can be countered through a series of rituals and traditional ceremonies. In respect to that, every household owns a shrine indoors for these purposes. The amount of the shrines owned by a household would, therefore be dependent on their social status and economic depth. For instance, the opulence of a family is based on the number of ritual shrines that they posses. Most houses of the Nacirema group of individuals are made of daub and wattle. However, the shrines are built with strong magnificent stones an illustration of the special attachments and considerations of the shrines.this may seem so public but the rituals of every family secret to its members. Among the many daily body rituals performed include the mouth rite. It entails an insertion of a smaller hog of hair pieces into the mouth accompanied with a powder that is magical and ultimately running the bundle in precious formalized routines of gestures. Another mouth rite, though done once or two times a year, is the private mouth rite. The procedure looks scarier and is a visual torture to most anthropologists who dare to unveil the practice. It involves more paraphernalia that consists of probes, augers

Economic Issues in Mineral Based Economies

Economic Issues in Mineral Based Economies Why do Mineral-Based Developing Economies Face Economic Problems? The Case Study of Nigeria and Botswana 1. Introduction. Mineral-based economies have been defined as â€Å"those developing countries which generate at least 8 percent of their GDP and 40 percent of their export earnings from the mineral sector†. (Auty, 1993: p. 3). Two main categories of mineral-based economies have been identified. These include hydrocarbon producers and hard mineral exporters (producers of ores such as copper and tin). (Auty, 1993). Although one may reasonably expect developing mineral-based economies to witness tremendous economic development owing to their rich mineral resources, this has hardly been the case. According to Davis (1995: p. 1766) â€Å"mineral-based economies rather have development problems than development advantages†. In addition, Davis (1998) notes that economists and political scientists have recently proposed that mineral economies’ growth is below par, despite the mineral windfalls (rents) generated from mineral extraction. The mineral sector has even been classified as a ‘loser’ sector in the economic development race. (Shafer, 1994) cited by Davis (1998). Citing from a recent World Bank conference on mining and economic development, Davis (1995: p. 1765) states that several invited experts noted with concern the historical poor per capita economic growth of the mineral-exporting nations. In particular, participants from mineral-based developing economies were justly anxious about their fate. (Davis, 1995: p. 1765). In addition to fears of the â€Å"Dutch disease† and the â€Å"resource curse thesis† (explanations of these terms follow in subsequent sections), delegates were also concern about the appropriate policy response measures to these issues. (Davis, 1995). This paper aims at explaining why mineral-based developing economies rather face economic problems rather than economic development as one would expect. In meeting with this objective, the paper makes use of two case studies of mineral-based developing economies which include Nigeria (A hydrocarbon exporter) and Botswana (a hard mineral exporter). The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section two presents a literature review on why mineral-based economies rather face economic problems rather than economic development with particular emphasis on the Dutch Disease and the resource curse thesis; section 3 presents a discussion of the case studies making reference to their GDP growth, export revenue from mineral resources and per capita GDP; and section 4 presents some conclusions and recommendations. 2. Literature Review. Much of the literature has attributed underdevelopment of mineral-based developing economies to the Dutch disease. (Roemer, 1985) cited by Davis (1998) The Dutch disease is defined as a situation where an economy highly dependent on natural resources witnesses a decline in economic development as a result of a depletion of the natural resource or a sudden drop in the price of the resource. (Auty, 1993: p. 3). According to Davis (1995: p. 1768), the Dutch disease is a ‘morbid’ term that denotes the coexistence of booming and lagging sectors in an economy due to temporary or sustained increase in earnings. Mineral economies have been identified to generate an ideal environment for the disease given their notable minerals booming sector. (Davis, 1995). Mineral-based economies are characterized by a booming minerals sector at the expense of the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. (Davis, 1995). Ross (2003) suggests that mineral exports may cause economic volatility, inco me inequality, and crowding out of productivity growth in the manufacturing sector, which effects could increase poverty and reduce social welfare. Cordon and Neary (1982) cited in Auty (2001) explain the role of the Dutch disease on the deterioration of mineral-based economies using a three-sector model composed of a resource sector such as oil or other primary product exporting industry, a sector of tradeables, such as the manufacturing and agricultural sectors and non-tradeables. According to the model, a boom in the resource sector has three effects: a spending effect; a relative price effect and a resource movement effect. Looking at the spending effect, Auty (2001) suggests that the increased export revenues increases the demand for both tradables and non-tradables although spending on tradables fails to raise their domestic prices because prices in an open economy are determined in international markets. Consequently, any excess demand is met by imports. (Auty, 2001). Looking at the relative price effect, Auty (2001) suggests that failure to sterilize the increase in foreign exchange will result to an appreciation of the currency, which will in turn reduce the domestic prices of exports as well as those of imports competing with domestic products. In addition, a currency appreciation will lead to a reduction of the rents of the booming sector but may not be sufficient to reduce the sector’s output. (Auty, 2001). Domestic prices of non-tradables will rise with the rise in demand and these prices will neither be affected by the currency appreciation nor competitive imports. This will therefore result to an increase in the prices of non-tradables relative to the prices of tradables, as well as a reduction in exports and an increase in imports. (Auty, 2001). Macroeconomic theory suggests that the national income of a country is positively related to exports and negatively related to imports. The net increase in imports therefore leads to a reduction in the national income of the mineral-based State, which in turn hurts its economic development. Finally, as concerns the resource movement effect, Auty (2001) suggests that the movement of resources between sectors will also affect capital accumulation. Assuming a relatively labour-intensive non-tradable sector and a capital-intensive tradable sector, the movement in favour of the non-tradable sector will tend to raise wages and lower returns to capital thereby reducing capital accumulation. (Auty, 2001). In addition, assuming manufacturing is favourable to growth and that mineral resource booms cause it to decline, the mineral-based economy could experience slower long-term growth than the case would be if it had no mineral resources. (Auty, 2001). To support this view, Auty (2001) cites a number of studies that argue in favour of the fact that mineral resource booms tend to limit the growth of developing mineral based economies. For example, Matsuyama (1993It has also been sugges ted that mineral windfall facilitate irresponsible fiscal and trade policies. (e.g., Gelb, 1988; Ranis, 1991; Ranis and Mahmood, 1992) cited by Davis (1988). The issue as to why mineral-based economies remain underdeveloped is somehow controversial. (Auty, 2001). On the one hand, Mainstream economists have argued that primary commodity exports are the only way that countries in the early stages of development can generate the foreign exchange necessary to pay for essential imports and to service foreign debt. (Auty, 2001). On the other hand, Structurist economists (e.g., Presbish, 1950) cited by Auty (2001) argued that a long-run decline in prices for primary exports is an inevitable result of the increasing use of synthetics, shrinking raw material content of finished products and low elasticity of demand for raw materials. In addition Auty (2001) argues that oligopolistic markets in developed countries indicated that productivities increases there were captured in the form of higher income by workers and owners, while in the developing countries productivity gains were passed on to (northern) consumers in the form of lower prices. What the structurists economists are saying in effect is that mineral-rich developing countries because they lack the capacity to transform their raw materials into finished products often supply these products to developed or industrialized countries at very low prices. Industrialised countries in turn transform these raw materials into finished products and sell them to developing countries at very high prices, which do not match the prices for which they supplied their raw materials. By so doing mineral-rich developing countries continue to face declining levels of economic developing at the expense of developed countries. This idea is consistent with dependency theory[1]. For example, Presbish (1950) cited by Auty (2001) projected a downward trend in the terms of trade for primary products in relation to manufactured goods imported by developing countries from developed countries. In addition, Abubakar (1989: p. 19) describes Africa as a continent locked in an unequal exchange with t he developed world. Being perhaps the richest continent in the world, Africa has been transformed into undeniably the poorest continent. The following is a quote from Julius Nyerere, a prominent leader in Africa: â€Å"Every morning I listen to the B.B.C. to learn the price of the cotton and coffee with which Tanzania earns its foreign exchange. The prices of tractors and other goods we need to buy are not announced; they are fixed by the manufacturers in the Developed World, and we learn what they are when we go to buy†. (Abubakar, 1989: p. 19) quoting Julius Nyerere. 3. Case Studies of Nigeria and Botswana 3.1 Nigeria Nigeria falls in the first category of mineral-based economies identified by Auty (1993) as hydrocarbon producers. Minerals constitute 62.3% of the country’s merchandise exports and 9.6% of GDP and its mineral dependence index is 36 (the mineral dependence index is defined as the mean percentage contribution of minerals to GDP, merchandise exports, and government revenues). (Davis, 1995) citing Kuburshi (1984); United Nations (1974, 1976, 1987, 1993a, 1993c); World Bank (1993). Nigeria’s mineral dependence index of 36 indicates that it is highly dependent on minerals. This is following from Auty (1993) who considers a mineral dependence index of 20% or more to indicate mineral dependence. Nigeria was ranked 19th among developing countries that depended on minerals in 1970. This was based on the ranking of countries according to mineral dependence index in 1970. Based on 1991 rankings, Nigeria still maintained the 19th position and its minerals as a percentage of merchan dise exports had increased to 86.0 percent, minerals as a percentage of GDP stood at 7.6 percent and its mineral dependence index was 46.8 percent. (Davis, 1995). According to Eifert et al. (2002) oil represents an estimated 37 percent of GDP in Nigeria, and 63 percent of consolidated government revenues. The political economy of Nigeria has had an important role to play on how oil resources are managed in Nigeria. The public sector is the principal controller of these resources, which has fuelled the functioning of an extensive machinery of rent seeking a political patronage. (Eifert et al., 2002). Nigeria is characterised by a fragile ‘political coalition’ of diverse ethnic and religious groups with diverse interests. Eifert et al. (2002) asserts that public expenditures in Nigeria are always ratcheted out of control during oil booms, leading to macroeconomic instability owing to the diverse number of ethnic and religious interests that characterise the country. For e xample Eifert et al. (2002) suggest that an estimated amount of $300billion constituting oil revenues has enriched a small group politically and socially influential elite during the last 2 to 3 decades at the expense of the majority of Nigerians who have become impoverished. This indicates that Nigeria has failed to benefit from a general economic welfare from its oil boom because of the selfish desires of a small political influential minority. This situation is consistent with Gelb (1988); Ranis (1991); Ranis and Mahmood (1992) cited by Davis (1998) who attribute poor economic development of mineral-based developing economies to mineral windfalls’ facilitation of irresponsible fiscal and trade policies. Nigeria’s case is also consistent with Karl (1997); Mahon (1992); and Shafer (1994) cited by Davis (1998) who attribute mineral-based economies’ failure to achieve substantial economic development to the entrenched socio-political rigidity and rent-seeking ass ociated with an extended period of mineral extraction. According to Eifert et al. (2002) Nigeria’s economic growth has been stagnant and it is estimated that its per capita income has fallen from approximately $800 in the early 1980s to approximately $300 as at 2002. Nigeria’s failure to grow can be attributed to its government structure. Throughout the military regime described by Eifert et al. (2002) as a period of military dictatorship, the manner in which the oil cycle was managed was solely determined by the federal executive. Government spending was so high that in 1976 it accounted for more than the entire increase in oil revenue. (Eifert et al., 2002). Nigeria therefore faced rising fiscal and current account deficits following a failure of the 1975 oil price rise to bring the budget back into a surplus. By 1981, Nigeria had accumulated huge amounts of external debt, accompanied by capital flight. (Eifert et al., 2002). Increase government spending therefore fa iled to accelerate growth and there was little evidence of an increase in overall welfare that would have been expected during the sharp real appreciation that followed the spending binge. (Eifert et al., 2002). Eifert et al. (2002) attribute Nigeria’s failure to develop to the fact that its potential gains were rather absorbed in the sharply growing inefficiency of a corrupt and progressively more wasteful and distorted economy. Nigeria has made some efforts to adopt a democratic State but Eifert et al. (2002) conclude that the outcomes in the management of Nigeria’s oil cycle in the new democracy are thus so far not very different from the past pattern. This indicates that Political institutions in Nigeria are therefore shaped by a longer history than the current political regime. There is still an excessive an unsustainable increase in public expenditure, with considerable macroeconomic instability, and little to show in the growth and economic development. (Eifert, 2002). 3.2 Botswana. Botswana was ranked 35th in the mineral dependence index for developing countries in 1970. It had 0 percent for minerals as a percentage of merchandise exports, 19.6 percent for minerals as a percentage of GDP and 9.8 for mineral dependence index. (Davis, 1995). Following the ranking based on the minerals dependence index for developing economies in 1991, Botswana was ranked 8th with an 83.0 percent of minerals as a percentage of merchandise exports. Its minerals as a percentage of GDP had also increased to 41 percent and its mineral dependence index was 62.0. (Davis, 1995). Unlike Nigeria, Botswana falls in the second category of mineral-based economies with diamond, copper, nickel and coal constituting the principal hard minerals that it exported. (Curry, 1985). According to Curry (1985), Botswana, unlike other mineral-based economies in Africa that suffer from economic stagnation and political turmoil, Botswana has recorded an economic growth and political stability as a result of its fortuitous endowment of mineral wealth and sound macroeconomic management. Despite this development, Curry (1985) suggests that this growth strategy has produced underdevelopment and economic stagnation in rural agriculture, as well as increasing economic dependency on the republic of South Africa. Increases in mineral revenue has enriched the elite who have joined white farming families as the country’s large scale cattle owners, purchasing land and cattle from savings of relatively high salaries in the mining and public sectors. This situation has created two factions in Botswana. One rich and the other poor and there is an emerging clash between the rich and the poor that could destabilise and threaten an African success story as described by Curry (1985). In effect, mineral revenue in Botswana while it has helped to fuel economic development is threatening the growth of the agricultural sector and has also helped to widen the gap between the rich and the poor. Botswa na’s case is consistent with the Dutch disease which is consistent with the idea that a boom in one sector threatens a recession of other important sectors of the economy. The boom in the mineral sector has helped to fuel a recession in the agricultural sector in Botswana. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations This paper aimed at studying why mineral-based developing economies have witnessed more of economic problems than economic development. Nigeria’s case indicates that the country has suffered from autocratic and fractional democracies that have resulted to a poor management of the revenues from oil booms. As a consequence, mineral revenue has been spent without any fiscal discipline. This has led to the satisfaction of the desires of an influential minority at the expense of the welfare of the greater majority. Nigeria has basically not witnessed any economic development throughout boom in its oil sector. On its part, Botswana has witnessed growth and development as a result of its mineral resources. However, the boom in the mineral sector is hurting the agricultural sector and the situation has only benefited the rich who are using the mineral revenue to take over all land in Botswana for cattle rearing. Like Nigeria, Botswana’s mineral revenue has to some extent benefi t an influential minority. Based on the above, this paper recommends a more democratic regimes in mineral-based economies as well as an emphasis of the importance of all sectors in the economy. Governments in developing countries need to understand the importance of the manufacturing industry. Nigeria for example should be more concern about building its own oil refineries so as to boost its manufacturing industries. In Botswana, the government should implement high taxes on the rich elite so as to help redistribute the mineral income to the poor. Subsidies should be provided to the poor farmers. By so doing, there can be an equitable distribution of land, which will in turn boost the agricultural sector. Bibliography Abubakar A. (1989). Africa and the Challenge of Development: Acquiescence and Dependency Versus Freedom and Development. Praeger Publishers. New York. Auty R. M. (2001). Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis. Routledge. Auty R. M. (2001). The Underperformance of resource-abundant economies. Resource Abundance and Economic Development. Edited by R.M Auty. UNU/WIDER studies in Development Economics. Oxford. Curry R. L (1985). Mineral-based growth and development-generated socioeconomic problems in Botswana: Rural Inequality, Water scarcity, food insecurity, and foreign dependence challenge governing class. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 319-336. Davis G. A. (1998). The minerals sector, sectoral analysis, and economic development. Resource Policy, vol. 24, No. 4, pp 217-228. Davis G. A. (1995). Learning to Love the Dutch Disease: Evidence from the Mineral Economies. World Development, vol. 23, No. 10, pp. 1765-1779. Eifert B., Gelb A., Tallroth N. B. (2002). The Political Economy of Fiscal Policy and Economic Management in Oil-Exporting Countries. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2899. The World Bank, Africa Regional Office. Lievesley G. (2003).DependencyThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. Tà ©treaul M. A., Abel C. F. (1986). Dependency Theory And The Return Of High Politics. Greenwood Press. New York. Footnotes [1] Dependency theory built upon the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) which characterized the world as divided into centre (the developed, inudstrialised North) and periphery (the underdeveloped agricultural South). (Tà ©treaul and Abel, 1986; Lievesley, 2003). Dependency theory tries to explain the external mechanisms of control exerted by the centre on the periphery. The centre maintained the periphery in a state of underdevelopment for purposes of super exploitation. (Tà ©treaul and Abel, 1986; Lievesley, 2003). Dependency theory therefore indicates that underdevelopment was not an original or inherent condition, it could rather be explained by the historical relationship between the developed and developing world.

Business Organisational Behaviour Essay

Demonstrate the influence of environmental and behavioural factors on corporate size, structure and strategy. (b) Understand the processes of business planning and policy making and the reason for change over time. Percentage of marks awarded for module: This assignment is worth 50% of the total marks for the module Assessment criteria   Explanatory comments on the assessment criteria   Maximum marks for each section   Content, style, relevance, originality   Clear demonstration of rigorous research from recognised authoritative sources. Audience focus. 50%  Format, referencing, bibliography   HarvardÃ'Ž Assignment Task As a retail consultant you have been commissioned by a high street outlet, of your own choice, to prepare a strategy that will help them to compete for many years to come in a rapidly changing environment. The strategy will include methods of recognising how external changes impact upon the firm and the various techniques that may be used in the implementation of change. Consideration must also be given to the structure and size of the firm and how it presents itself to it’s stackholders.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1123 Words

The Great Gatsby In the great gatsby the american dream is based on someone starting low in the social or economic schedule and working their way up to greatness by hard work. Being able to own a nice car, nice clothes, nice house, is the definition of the american dream. It doesn t matter what your race is or how you look like you can still accomplish your goals and become successful in life. The american dream also signifies someone that is self motivated and that is willing to work very hard to live a good life. The great gatsby is a book that shows what occurred with the American dream in 1920’s which was a time when the american dream was corrupted. The american dream in the great gatsby did not only corrupt but it led to†¦show more content†¦I knew right away I made a mistake. He borrowed somebody s best suit to get married in, and never told me about it, and the man came after it one say when he was out†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg.37). This shows how Myrtle cares about nothing but what sh e sees in front of her all she cares about is materialistic things. She looks at Tom in a different way because Tom is a guy that can buy his own suits when he needs them and not borrow it like George did. She considers Tom as the definition of the American dream. Daisy is a character that cared about her happiness i life once she figured out that she had married the wrong guy her outlook on life changed. Daisy earlier in the book finds out that Tom has been cheating on her with another women which is Myrtle Jordan says, â€Å"She might have the decency not to telephone him at dinner time. Don t you think?†(pg.20). Jordan says that Tom got a call from another women that suggests that he is cheating on Daisy. As you see throughout the novel that Daisy and Tom seem to not have the best relationship with each other, he seems to be abusive towards her. Daisy believes that she has it all, she believes that she has accomplished the American dream. Then she realises that she really has nothing in her life and that she has been corrupted by the dream. She has a child but is never around her and never gets to see her which shows how Daisy doesn t care about her current relationship. When the baby was born daisy says,†I m

The Ethical Dilemma Of The Foxconn - 1924 Words

Executive Summary Apple, an American multinational corporation, better known for iphone and ipad, is facing an ethical dilemma having involvement of its biggest supplier, Foxconn, who is china’s leading employer with 1 million employees. The current working conditions, low wages, and protest in term of committing suicide put the company into ethical dilemma. The main ethical dilemma about the Foxconn is that whether it’s ethical for the company to place the firm’s benefit ahead of employee’s value. Foxconn is the world’s largest contract manufacturer of computers and electronics, but it may not be able to serve its clients if it is unable to maintain its aggressive cost-management policies. The purpose of the paper is to provide the overview of the ethical issue, analysis of the dilemma using ethical lenses, and provide some recommendations to reduce the issue. 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As a result of this, companies tend to cut costs in as many w ays as possible, some of which aren’t always ethical. One of the most typical ways businesses cut costs is by lowering production costs, which entails outsourcing for cheap labor. However, in order for labor toRead MoreEssay about Foxconn and Apple1630 Words   |  7 PagesSubject: Apple and Foxconn controversy from the eye of the consumer Over the last couple years, Apple and Foxconn have been partaking in poor business methods thus causing them a great deal of deserved criticism. The consumer, must decide whether or not to continue buying from Apple because the consumer is what causes Apple to continue to make new products which results in the poor conditions at Foxconn. Foxconn and Apple violate many ethical, moral and basic human principles. The Situation Read MoreThe Ethical Relationship Between Apple And Foxconn1120 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, society are unaware about the rising ethical issues that are presented behind the production of different technologies. The relationship between Apple and Foxconn displays a strong primary example of the ethical issue. Apple is perceived as one of the dominant technological and innovative company providing the world with its technology. Despite this, Foxconn ultimately faced many ethical issues as a supply chain of Apple’s products. The ethical issues that are presented are low working conditionsRead MoreEthical And Ethical Decision Making1500 Words   |  6 Pagesmore important than others, ethical decision making is a skill that has become increasingly pivotal. Jones states that a ‘moral issue is present where a person’s action, when freely performed, may harm or benefit others’ and defines ‘an ethical decision is a decision that is both leg ally and morally acceptable to the larger community’ (1991, p. 387). In order to create a company wide culture of ethics, employees must believe that the organization has a desire to be ethical and see proof of this fromRead MoreBenefits Of Moving Production Overseas1507 Words   |  7 Pagesif necessary discontinue those business relationships. In the current global age, poor working conditions in a factory can become global news almost instantaneously. For example, Asgary and Li (2014) tell the story explosion which happened in a Foxconn factory, killing four workers and injuring several more (p. 665). This tragic accident in the plant may have gone unnoticed in the western world, except for the fact that this portion of the facility created the Apple iPad. The accident now becameRead MoreEthics in Supply Chain Management2768 Words   |  12 Pagesexamine the ethic of largest computing corporation (Apple) in its relationship with its main manufacture (Foxconn). Then, I will try to consider and apply due diligence in supply chain management care fully to solve their unethical situations. Other hand, I will analysis the impact of supply chain issues to Apple’s stakeholder. Thereby proving the importance of applied the Due Diligence in solving ethical issue in supply chain management. 2.0 Introduction Due Diligence in business is term used to evaluateRead MoreEthics in Supply Chain Management2776 Words   |  12 Pagesexamine the ethic of largest computing corporation (Apple) in its relationship with its main manufacture (Foxconn). Then, I will try to consider and apply due diligence in supply chain management carefully to solve their unethical situations. Other hand, I will analysis the impact of supply chain issues to Apple’s stakeholder. Thereby proving the importance of applied the Due Diligence in solving ethical issue in supply chain management. 2.0 Introduction Due Diligence in business is term used to evaluateRead MoreApple, Edm And Ethical Dilemma1418 Words   |  6 PagesEDM and ethical dilemma Apple is undeniably positioned as the worlds most innovative and valuable technology company. Apple has successfully used simplicity and intelligence to take over the world of technology. Steve Jobs lead Apple to substantial accomplishments and vast income continuing when Tim Cook picked up leadership in early 2012. Although this company is undoubtedly financially wealthy, an ethical dilemma concerning Foxconn’s working conditions has been called into question. Foxconn, a keyRead MoreEssay about Responsible Commerce2022 Words   |  9 Pagesthe company is mindful of the environment then they are not only helping towards a sustainable future but they are avoiding upsetting large groups of stakeholders. Reflection Responsible commerce focuses on how we use and should use traditional ethical views to evaluate how institutions organize human behaviour (Dienhart, 2000). It means that part of a company’s activity is the fulï ¬ lment of the duties and responsibilities that they have to the wider community, or that they contribute to the commonRead MoreQuestions On Ethical Theories And Tests1363 Words   |  6 Pages7 Ethical Theories/Tests In this section we will run the concept of automation in the workforce through 7 ethical theories/tests, to see if this concept fits ethical implications used in business. The principals under the Utilitarian Theory suggest that there must be a balance effort, that the harms do not outweigh the benefits (Jennings Units 1-3, 2015). This theory is most well known as â€Å"the greatest good to the greatest amount of people (Jennings Units 1-3, 2015).† The overall value of automation

Censorship Essay - 1002 Words

Censorship The Columbia Encyclopedia defines censorship as the official prohibition or restriction of any type of expression believed to threaten the political, social, or moral order. It is necessarily broad definition. Any type of expression in fact, covers just about everything from clothing to print to movements and even to simply being. George Bernard Shaw described assassination as an extreme form of censorship. It is now omnipresent in society and has been as long as society has existed. If one were to consider the course of an idea (and it is essentially ideas that are being censored) as its natural evolution, censorship takes this evolutionary course and disrupts and changes it, often until it is no longer the same†¦show more content†¦Once the deed is done, the story smothered, the act is forgotten until a violation occurs or something else offends the sensibilities of those in power. The censored ones though, do not forget. They feel the loss of a story, or not the exact los s of a story itself, but of others access to their story. This access is all-important because a story is not unlike a parasitic alien from a bad sci-fi thriller: it needs new hosts, new minds to infect which will consider it and then in turn perpetuate it by sharing it with other minds. The attempt of censorship is to kill the story. I do not believe that a story can in fact be killed, but for all practical purpose, it lies dormant for untold years. I believe that once a story enters a person, they are changed by it and therefore change their world because of/ in response to that story. Every action one does is a direct result of her stories, whether or not she may want them. Even if they were forcible imposed on her, she is nevertheless a product of them. BUT censorship at its most effective impedes the spread of information and stories. In addition, it should be noted the official stories and unofficial stories and their respective paths and rates of evolution can vary greatly. In her book Censorship, Sue Curry Hanson highlight difference; she discusses the ways in which whose who are not officially permitted to tell their story manageShow MoreRelatedCensorship : Censorship And Censorship Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesIn the modern sense, political correctness has become a form of censorship. With protestors forcing students to find alternate routes to school or pushing the administration to cancel guest speakers in fear of triggering students, the modern-day university is no longer a place of free, critical, thinking, but a place of censorship. Political correctness (is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended primarily not to offend or disadvantage any group of people in society. InRead MoreCensorship And Censorship Of Music1544 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s music, otherwise know n as, censorships. A crisis has emerged concerning the issue of censorship. This argument consists of two possible stances: one, supporting the continuation of censorship, and two, eliminating the status quo of censorships in the music industry. There have been countless debates and arguments regarding the issues of censorship ever since the U.S. Congress passed the Radio Act in 1927 (The History). The time has arrived for censorship to be brought to an end. The governmentRead MoreCensorship And Censorship Of The Internet985 Words   |  4 Pagestruth.. This influenced freedom of the press rights and embracing those rights to the constitution (Linder). Recently the issue of Censorship of the Internet in America has become a trending topic. The internet has been commonly censored to comply with the Digital Millennium Rights Act, but in recent times our government has been requesting more aggressive censorship in order to provide a safer cyberspace. If the American government began t o censor the internet, the restriction will result in suppressionRead MoreThe Censorship Of Internet Censorship3057 Words   |  13 Pages Internet Censorship Student’s Name: Institution Name: Internet Censorship Internet censorship refers to the suppression and control of what people can access, publish, or view on the cyberspace (Reynolds, 2014). It may be done by regimes or private firms at the command of the government. It can be a government’s initiative is or carried out by regulators. Organizations and individuals may practice self-censorship for religious, business or moral reasons to comply with societal normsRead MoreCensorship And Censorship Of The Internet1754 Words   |  8 PagesCensorship of the Internet is on the rise in highly populated states today. Although the Internet is considered as one of the most significant tools for the public sphere, many users have decried the Internet’s benefits and seen the Internet as a ‘double-edged sword’. Even as the Internet connects most of the world and gives valuable access to information, the same tool allows access to material that may be considered dangerous or harmful. The recent increase in discussion on the act of censorshipRead MoreEssay on censorship846 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Censorship is the act of suppressing publications, movies, television programs, plays, letters, and so on that are considered to be obscene, blasphemous, or politically unacceptable† (MccGwire 4). Censorship should be enforced because it is needed into today’s society. Censorship needs to be used in media, hate speech, and obscene material. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To begin with, the media has very negative effect on society as a whole. â€Å"The mass media—movies, television, and recordings—needRead MoreCensorship Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesCensorship â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right to petition the government for a redress of government.†(Ravitch, 118) As stated in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, the people of this nation have the right to exercise their beliefs out loud, or in writing. With this in mind, does the government have the right to undermine the foundation of our nation, and censor what we readRead MoreThe Debate of Censorship766 Words   |  4 PagesRights guarantees its citizens the freedom of expression, but how far does that freedom extend? Does the right to express yourself include the right to observe the expressions of others? According to pro-censorship view holders, it does not. But to those who feel strongly against censorship, the freedom of information, or the â€Å"right to know,† should be an absolute right granted to the American public. Censoring mate rial is the responsibility of the individual, not the institution itself, andRead More The Censorship Debate795 Words   |  4 Pages The Censorship Debate nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Do words such as nigger, bitch, or ass offend you?nbsp; The answer may seem clear cut, but our nation has been struggling with the issue of censorship almost since its conception.nbsp; To many, the aforementioned words are a part of their everyday vocabulary; to others, they are vulgar and unacceptable.nbsp; The issue of censorship is much more than just words.nbsp; There have been huge controversies over the negative ideas andRead MoreCensorship in the Media1115 Words   |  5 PagesIs Censorship necessary? â€Å"Once a government is committed to the principle of silencing the voice of opposition, it has only one way to go, and that is down the path of increasingly repressive measures, until it becomes a source of terror to all its citizens and creates a country where everyone lives in fear. -- Harry S Truman Thesis: Although some people believe that censorship is adequate to select what things does the society will be good and can live around it while others believe that there

Why Germany Lost the First World War Free Essays

Why Germany lost the First World War The First World War ended with the triple entente as victorious (with help from the Americans). Some reasons to why the allies won the war were because of; Germany had to fight a war on two fronts, the unstable political situation in Germany, the allied naval blockade, German economy, failure of the schlieffen plan, interception of the Zimmerman telegram, the German naval blockade on Britain (sinking of American ships), development of the tank and anti-submarine weapons, the advancement of new technology that required new tactics. The Naval blockade The British blockade was a key factor in the defeat of Germany. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Germany Lost the First World War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Starved of supplies, the German army was weakened and the German people lost some of their will to support the war. The war at sea was one of the main factors that contributed to Germany’s defeat. To help the British navy survive against the German submarines the British used several different techniques to stop their boats from being destroyed. The British used mines and depth charges. Also to reduce the allied shipping losses all merchant ships travelled with a military convoy which provided protection to the merchant ships. When the convoy formation was applied the allied shipping losses decreased by 20%. Another technique used was Q ships. Q ships were merchant ships with disguised heavy guns. Q ships were the reason that German submarines stopped warning the enemy ship that it was about to attack. The effect of the British blockade of Germany was that there were 300,000 deaths that were related to malnutrition and starvation during 1914-1918 among civilians. The blockade also cut supply chain of nitrate that was used to make explosives and also used in fertilizers. Weaponry The tank was a British invention. It was first used at the battle of the Somme. The tanks advanced in front of the infantry, crushing barbed wire fences and spraying the enemy with machine-gun fire. Yet the tank was very unreliable since half of them broke down before reaching the German trenches, also the tanks were not very agile they moved at first only at a walking pace and the tanks were not very maneuverable. Also the Germans used poison gas (first used in Spain) to fight the enemy this weapon was very effective in the war, yet this weapon was unreliable due to its dependence on the direction of the wind. Since if there was a sudden change of direction in the wind the poison that was just released could be swept back against the Germans. Due to the circumstances of the war as it changed from a quick and rapid war to a static war with the use of trench warfare and competition of modern weaponry. Failure of the Schlieffen plan The German plan was to sweep towards France thinking that Russia would be very slow in mobilizing its troops. The plan was to sweep in through Belgium (Germany thought that there was not going to meet any resistance from Belgium and also not it did not think that it would be violating the treaty of London), then sweep in towards Paris and invade France. After France had been invaded they would direct their forces towards Russia whom they thought would be very slow mobilizing its troops. The Germans were wrong about the Belgians, the Russians and the English. The Belgians put up great resistance there by slowing the advance of the German troops. The Russian army was a lot quicker to mobilize than expected so now Germany was ending up doing what they wanted to do the least fight a war on two fronts. The Belgians slowed down the German troops long enough for the entente troops to arrive to meet the German troops. Due to the equality in strength this led to a race to water in effort to bypass the other army. This led to trench warfare. The Germans were not prepared to do this type of war, they did not have the resources to do this due to the british naval blockade. Concerning the Schleiffen plan there were a few severe miscalculations that led to gargantuan problems, the Germans had miscalculated the amount of soldiers, supplies and communication that required to be transported across the country from east to west and back. This miscalculation was not expected due to Germany thinking that Russia would be slow to mobilize and thereby give Germany time to first beat the French then later turn all their forces towards the east to face Russia. Weak Allies Germany had chosen her allies badly, they had allied themselves to the decaying Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire and Italy. Germany had chosen badly when relying on Italy to help out in the war since as soon as war was declared Italy pulled out of the alliance. Also Germany had to constantly assist the Austrian Empire in protecting their own territory. This led to problems as this exhausted troops that would and should have been sent to fight the war in the trenches. Germany also sent supplies that should have been sent to the soldiers fighting on the front line. If Germany had stronger and more reliable allies then the outcome of the war would have been different. Political Unrest As the war went on and millions died Germany’s censored propaganda released only tales of glorious combat and victory. As this propaganda continued the nation was starting to suffer from the naval blockade. As thousands were dying the nation was releasing posters saying how well the war was going. The false propaganda started unrest inside the German nation, the unrest came from both outside the government yet also from inside. The socialists wanted to seize the power and take control of the nation, whilst this was happening inside the country soldiers were starting some unrest as arguments and some minor protests came up, these protests led to mutiny on the seas. The involvement of USA The Germans also tried to make a naval blockade of their own on Britain. They also included a policy of â€Å"unrestricted submarine warfare against all ships that they suspected were carrying supplies to britain†. This was very effective since the British were suffering from the shortages of supplies. Yet the germans also sank a great amount of American ships which helped bring the Americans into the war. When the Americans discovered the Zimmerman telegram about how Germany hoped to ally itself with mexico against them the final song had been sung. USA declared war on Germany on April 1st 1917. The war devastated Europe, it changed the geography of countries for a very long time, it destroyed empire such as; the Austrian Empire, The Russian Empire, the German Empire and later the Ottoman Empire. How to cite Why Germany Lost the First World War, Papers

Evolution of the Finance Function - Click To Get Solution

Question: How the finance function has evolved over time from playing a traditional role to a more advanced role? Answer: In this era of 21st century, where internet has become part and parcel of our life. Globalization, new forms of competition, and higher investor expectations has expanded the roles of finance function. The growing range of business and organization opportunities has contributed to the need to reassess what finance staff does. It is highly needed as to what finance staff should do and how they can add value to the business. Nowadays CFOs are required to create more proactive and forward looking agenda so that business can survive in this competitive world. It is highly required by accountants to move their roles from score keepers to a more proactive score maker role. Traditionally, in many businesses, the role of finance function has been in the background keeping track of the money. They used to do functions like payroll, payables, receivables. They used to handle matters like controlling costs and budgets and reporting on all of this. But top management is demanding more and better data production faster with more consistency. This led to the development of bigger and better ERP systems led by the finance function. Still, the problems were not solved as because top management wants the finance function to focus on greater and greater details. More and more data does not give valid information for better business decisions. Finance function should provide data which will provide judgment on performance of the whole system. They should provide information on profit centers and cost centers and also on make and buy alternatives. Hence the role of finance functions has become very wide. There is lot of challenges in the finance sector but with the upcoming of globalization that has affected the finance sector a lot. During the past two decades, financial markets around the world have become interconnected. It has brought lot of benefits to the investors and savers. But on the other hand lots of challenges and risks has emerged in the economy. In todays world of globalization lot of financial options are there. Three decades ago, borrowing of loan from domestic bank was restricted but today we have many more option to choose from. We can shop around the world for loan with lower interest. There are lot of forces which is driving globalization of finance. Today there is also globalization of national economies. In this competitive world for eg. if someone is manufacturing television sets then also there are lot of competition like manufacturing can be done at one place and distribution at other place. So this has led to the increase in the demand of cross-border finan ce. There are lot of changes in the capital market also. The finance function is trying hard to adapt to the challenges in order to serve management in the better way. Managing global organizations has been a business challenge for centuries. Leaders of todays finance functions continue to work hard so that they can boost their relevance. They are also trying hard to add value to the business. They have also started working on strengths, weaknesses and critical capabilities across core finance process areas. Finance function is working on proactive basis like what will be the changes in the finance operating models, control and systems in the coming years. It has become the role of finance to examine how much amount it is going to invest in future with efficiency and effectiveness. Finance function is also trying hard to shift its focus from basic transaction processing and financial reporting and control activities to strategic and forward looking performance. They are also learning from senior finance executives so that their knowledge c an lead to greater success. Being global brings clear strategic benefits. It has brought ability to access new customer markets, new suppliers and new partners. There is lot of scale and scope benefits also. Finance function is also trying hard risk can be diversified and loss can be avoided. Finance leaders are trying to do lots of research and development work so that proper investment can be made by them which can yield greater returns. Large companies enjoy economic leverage. They are trying to achieve economies of scale. After lot of research works The International Monetary Fund confirms that the ten fastest growing economies during the years ahead will be in the emerging markets. Working capital can be calculated by subtracting Companys current liabilities from liquid assets. Calculation of working capital is easiest of all as because it gives the true picture of any company. It gives the investors lot of information about the company. Current Assets Current Liabilities = Working Capital. It helps the finance managers to for see any financial difficulties that may arise. Poor working capital leads to the financial pressure on the company. Working capital is a also a common measure of a companys liquidity. It also tells us about the efficiency and overall health. Positive working capital means that company is able to pay off its short term liabilities immediately. But negative working capital indicates that company is unable to do so. Inventory is a major component of working capital. There are lot of companies who try to avoid this situation by investing so that shortages of working capital can be avoided. Working capital shortages can lead to the closure of business. There are two kinds of working capital: Gross working Capital and Net Working capital. Management of working capital is considered to be one of the most important area of day to day management of a firm. It is concerned with adequacy of current assets. Current ratio and acid test ratio is the best indicator of working capital situations. There is also a working capital cycle. There are various components of operating cycle. Raw Material Storage period, Work in progress etc. There are lot of factors which the management considers at the time of determining the working capital like production policies, Nature f Business and credit policy. There is balance sheet information about TCS for 2013: Total Current Assets = 31576 crores Total Current Liabilities = 11842 crores Therefore, Working Capital = 19734 crores There are lot of other factors which also which affects the working capital like Marketing conditions, conditions of supply, Growth and expansion, level of taxes, dividend policies, price level changes, operating efficiency and inventory policies. The need of working capital varies according to the production policies and it provides support system to the management. The calculation of the working capital provides the management about the need of as to how much working capital is required and when. The working capital is very useful in the company. It depicts the financial performance of the company. There is a lot of holistic approach to managing the end to end processes that influence working capital performance. No business can run without adequate investment in working capital. It provide support system to the management. It is basically refers to the amount of fund required to finance current assets. So in this way it can support to the finance function. So, the role of finance function has extended a lot and if calculation of working capital is done properly then it provides greater support to the management. There is lot of possible roles for the finance function in a corporation. The role of finance is basically to focus on reporting and compliance but financial accounting management is also important. Finance serve as the integral part of the management team. Hence working capital management is very important part of finance function. References https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242620337_Working_capital_management_efficiency__A_study_on_the_Indian_cement_industryhttps://www.ijept.org/index.php/ijept/article/view/Evaluating_the_Impact_of_Working_Capital_Management_Components_on_Corporate_Profitabilityhttps://gbr.sagepub.com/content/12/1/159.abstracthttps://astonjournals.com/manuscripts/Vol2012/BEJ-60_Vol2012.pdf