Down Syndrome Essay examples -- Mental Retardation Mentally Retarded

scratch off syndromeDown syndrome takes its name from Dr. Langdon Down. He was the first person to describe the syndrome in 1866. The earliest recorded incident of mortal having Down syndrome dates back to an altar piece painted in a church in Aachen, Germany in 1504. Although the syndrome is named after Dr Langdon Down, he did not understand the condition, as we know it today. The syndrome was referred to as having mongolism. This was be sire people who have Down syndrome have similar physical characteristics to those people of oriental heritage. The diagnosis of the syndrome lavatory be made shortly after birth. Most parents who find out their child has it have conflicting emotions. These can include shock, feelings of disbelief, feelings of sorrow, guilt and feelings of embarrassment. In the past, most babies who had Down syndrome were put into an institution. today the trend is to keep the child at home and have the child became a functioning member of society. Having a han dicapped child can cause immense stress. There is also a problem of explaining the condition to the other siblings. Down syndrome should not be explained to the other siblings as an illness. They should be told the child has a handicap. Parents should also be careful not to spend all their time with the child that has Down syndrome and spend equal time with all their children. Other relatives and friends should be told as soon as possible. It will normally make other people uncomfortable. They may not understand what the parent is feeling and say irrelevant things. Down syndrome is one of the most common chromomal defects. It occurs in around 1 out of 800 births. The probability of having a child with Down syndrome increases with the mothers age. The cast for women in their twenties is about 1 in 2000 births. This number increases dramatically for a women in her forties to about 1 in 100. The cause of Down syndrome is an extra chromosome. In 95 percent of the cases, the child ha s three instead of two chromosomes on the 21 chromosome. There is a test called amniocentesis that can tell the mother if her child will have Down syndrome. Amniocentesis involves inserting a needle into the amniotic sac to withdraw a small about of the amniotic fluid. The cells in the fluid are then analyzed to see if the child has Down syndrome. There is small risk of a miscarriage or infection to the uteru... ... to enjoy life in a way that other people cannot. They were so grateful for the attention that you showed them. Just like anyone else, they had their good eld and bad days. The clients that had Downs were always the first ones on the dance floor when they had parties and they always had a smile on their face.In the last twenty years, there has been a push to get mental retarded people into the mainstream of society. Most adults with Downs syndrome will need some help daily activties. Independent hold centers has replaced large institutions. These living centers usually have about four to twelve clients living there, the center I worked at had two houses and there were ten people in severally house. They worked at a company putting wicks in candles and really enjoyed their job. They were responsible for cleaning their rooms and bathrooms. They also had different chores to do around the house such(prenominal) as mopping the floor and helping with dinner. Every night there were activities planned such as watching movies or doing arts and crafts. It was a great experience working with the clients. That is one of the main reason I decided to go back to school and pursue a degree in loving work.

Smoking Hazards: Tobacco Cultivation In Colonial America Essay examples

Tobacco was a main crop in compound America that helped stabilize the economy (Cotton 1). Despite the fact that tobacco took the place of the other crops in Virginia, as well as replacing the hunt for bills with tobacco cultivation. It proved to be a major cash crop, especially in Virginia and Maryland (Weeks 3). Tobacco left many people financially fast because other occupations were disregarded or not as profitable as tobacco farmers (Randel 128). The unemployment that tobacco brought about made many colonists poor and homeless (128). afterwards the tobacco boom started, many men signed themselves to indentured servitude hoping to be freed and given land along with other promised goods (Tunis 79). Three hundred and fifty gravitational constant African slaves were alike imported to labor on large tobacco plantations in the South (Weeks 1). The tobacco industry had a profound effect on colonial America, socially and economically.Tobacco did not just appear in colonial Ame rica. The tobacco plant was introduced by rump Rolfe to the people of Jamestown (Nobleman 12). John Rolfe also taught the colonists how to farm tobacco (Tunis 77). Though tobacco cultivation seemed to be flourishing, consumers were still getting their tobacco from the Spanish Indies, as the Spanish Indies grew milder tobacco than America (Weeks 1). This move John Rolfe to sail to the Spanish Indies and confiscate some of their tobacco seeds (The exploitation of the Tobacco 2). The tobacco from the Spanish Indies boosted the economic growth of colonial America (2). However, John Rolfe was not the first person to have tobacco in the new world. The Native Americans were the first people to cultivate and smoke tobacco and taught their trade to the Spanish (1). The ... .... New York Funk and Wagnalls, 1972.Lorenz, Stacy L. To do Justice to His Majesty, the Merchant and the Planter. Virginia Magazine of History & Bibliography. 2000. 108. 4, 8 pages.Nobleman, Marc Tyler. The Th irteen Colonies. Minneapolis, Minnesota Compass Point Books, 2002.Pecquet, Gary M. British Mercantilism and lay out Controls in the Tobacco Colonies. A Study of Rent-seeking costs. CATO Journal, 2003. 19 pages.Purvis, Thomas L. Colonial America to 1763. New York Facts on File, 1999.Randel, William Peirce. Mirror of a People. Maplewood, New Jersey Hammond Incorporated, 1973.The Growth of the Tobacco Trade. February 24, 2006. 3 pages. November 14, 2006. Tunis, Edwin. Colonial Living. Cleveland, Ohio The World Publishing Company, 1957.Weeks, Dick. Southern Tobacco in the Civil War. March 9, 2002. 3 pages. November 16, 2006.

Comparing The Buried Life and A Room Of Ones Own :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing The inhumed Life and A Room Of Ones Own Victorian writers did deal difficult and unsettling questions, and the modern writers continued on with the quest to display these unsettling thoughts and feelings in their works even more so. You smoke see this continuing easy from The Buried Life, to the ideas of A Room Of Ones Own. In The Buried Life, Arnold questions why men in society bury their emotions and innermost thoughts from champion another like they are the simply ones with these qualities, even though every man has them I knew the mass of men concealed their thoughts, for fear that if they revealed they would by other men be met with blank indifference, or with blame reproved I knew they lived and moved tricked in disguises, alien to the rest of men, and alien to themselves--and yet the same heart beats in every human boob (p.2021). He doesnt understand why this is the case, and believes humanity would be better if we let this buried life out of i ts cage to be free, freeing us to be our true selves. The way to reach this goal is through open love by a fellow human being When a beloved batch is placed on ours...the heart lies plain, and what we mean, we say (p. 2201). In A Room Of Ones Own, Woolf questions societys view on how geniuses of art are created. She shows that this is a natural gift, but it is one that can either be stifled or let prosper and grow, depending on how the members in society rule and treat the artist with the gift. She says that these artists need to be allowed to garner in knowledge in order to feed their ideas for their art, and they moldiness be allowed to be free in mind and spirit so that they can create their masterpieces The mind of an artist, in order to achieve the prodigious effort of freeing whole and entire the work that is in him, must be incandescent...There must be no obstacle in it, no foreign matter unconsumed (p. 2472). As you can see, both of these works question soci ety in the matter of chaining up its members true feelings and ideas.

Personal Narrative - Our Marriage Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Our MarriageOur official journey began on August 2, 1997 in Las Vegas. That was our espousals day and my official entry into married life. Tim and I said, ?I do? in Clark County, Nevada. The clerk declared us best friends for life in a ceremony with incisively the two of us. That declaration was more profound and welcomed than one any non-Christian priest could have made.Our wedding cost a total of s eventidety-two dollars, this included the license and ceremony. I should also include the cost of what I call(a) our wedding planner. His name was Jake and he was a taxi driver, he charged us fifteen dollars and we tipped him fifteen for his extra duties, it was a special day. When we arrived in Las Vegas from bowlder our car started to over heat from the long drive through the hot desert. We decided to park it at the hotel. We hailed a cab and set off to stick a place to get married. We had a deadline our honeymoon was scheduled to begin the next day. The cab driver drove us past sev eral varied chapels giving us details about each one. After a brief survey of chapels we asked him to drop us off at the justice of the peace. The chapels just seemed too cheesy and besides, I had no real affection for Elvis. He dropped us off in front of a large, very official expression building to get the license and he directed us across the street to a small brick office where the ceremonies are held. I had the distinct ruling that he has provided this service a few times before in his career.I soon found myself waiting in line behind a frail elderly man with a huge smile on his face he stood next to a young girl, she looked equally happy. The man wore a red velvet jacket and the girl wore a shimmering red dress with spaghetti straps. It was a dress that would... ...ming with life. The smell of the flowers was intense and enlivening. The breeze that was not restricted by car windows, the heat that was not reflected by a rooftop or eradicated by air conditioning, the rain th at was not repelled by anything more than my poncho, I was one with all of it. As I biked past, I mood as loud as I could at the cows in the fields and felt happy doing it. I even occasionally rode in the van when I was tired.Today I question my fears before I give into them. The questioning usually results in nothing that I can rely on as a concrete reason for forgoing an experience.The way we chose to get married, I had up to the last minute to transfigure my mind. No wedding guests, invitations, seating arrangements, flowers, or caterers. Today seven and a half years later, I can say my marriage is the thing that has brought me the almost joy in my life.

The Impact of Viewed Violence :: essays research papers

Violence is a major problem that most television programs have right away as watching it on TV leads to abandon in the society. Violence on TV can lead to thoughts of committing violence in real life. As it becomes popular amongst the cool characters on TV, one might mimic their actions in order to feel cool or popular amongst their friends in humankind. Television violence is mostly used to solve problems and is considered the ?easy way out.?Watching something on TV makes some people think that it is okay and perfectly fine to do it in real life. While the characters use guns and make it look easy and interesting, this encourages viewers to copy their favorite characters. This leads to thinking that violence can be honest, or even fun at times. In addition, people might be further lured into violence by seeing that it is frequently repeated and goes unpunished most of the time. For the ?good guys,? the consequences of the violence they perform usually goes unnoticed, leading to thoughts that there is nothing wrong with violence and nothing can happen if it is used even with good intentions. Imitation is a very common human element, and people can be drawn to a world of fear by absorbing the reality of television violence. This would eventually cause them to carry a weapon just like television characters and use it at the first sign of fear. Furthermore, violence on television is used to solve one?s problems, and is usually considered the easy way out. When someone has a problem, they might think that resorting to violence is the easiest and most unimportant manner to complete a task. It can also lead to thinking that the person holding a weapon is in supreme control.While it is authorized that violence contains horrible consequences that are not always desirable in real life such as death of a friend or serving time in jail, the majority of

A Warning to Society :: English Literature Essays

A Warning to SocietyFahrenheit 451 Essay--A warning to society friendly Satire trenchant wit, irony, or sarcasm used to expose and discredit vice or folly, as defined by Merriam-Webster Online. Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury uses social satire in a most direct way to expose security review today. When Bradbury wrote this book, censorship was just creeping into the lives of humans, and today censorship has built a protective bubble around everything we do. Fahrenheit 451s satire of censorship is aimed at American media and mind, American society, and our entertainment.The medium in Bradburys book is the epitome of a controlling media. Due to books being burned and forgotten, the government is capable of changing the outcome of register by rewriting it therefore, history can be whatever the media want it to be. Americas government is autonomous in that they are afforded the same liberties as the free media. If the media get their manpower on a certain story, they can change or omit important details that affect the story. The media of our time can censor what they want, and moreover, control the minds of American citizens. In Bradburys world, the media is so powerful that they burned books to oppress any uncontrolled thoughts or subliminal messages. As a result, people are and so forced to stop reading. Books are condensed into smaller and smaller pieces, removing all unimportant information in todays world, and the general public doesnt care. more pieces of literature in our world are now abridged people can not get the full meaning of these books by reading a much shorter version. In Bradburys book, both the media and government were guilty of censoring books to the point of nonexistence the written word had no substantial meaning. School is set forth by Clarisse as a place where one cant think. With our societys increasing stupidity, how long will it be before our books create burned? Much of American society today is focused on what we censor, and we a re so worried about the small things in life that we taket focus on the big things. In the land of Fahrenheit 451 the people of the society focus on the burning of books, and they dont search to care that the overall quality of life is declining in their society. Parallels can be drawn with our world today. For example, the government has groups specifically focusing on the censorship of media.

Developmental Growths Of Oled Technology Engineering Essay

The importance of electronic shows has late increased due to the advanced developments of LED or light(a) breathing rectifying tube engine room. These developments turn over brought LED engineering to its following degree by affecting a series of organic thin movies between two music directors, which atomic number 18 k straightawayn as complete light-emitting diode or ( organic tangible shaft of light sickness breathing rectifying tube ) . OLEDs asshole be employ to do senior high efficiency shows and dynamic lighting. referable to the visible radiation emitted from the OLEDs, they do non necessitate a backlight and so are thinner and more efficient than LCD shows which presently require a albumen backlight. The chances of OLED engineering are great but non without its hurdlings. Presently, it costs more to bring forth OLEDs them modern LCD engineering. Similarly, their all overall life clip is reasonably limited, these and some other yields urgently need to be addres sed to properly implement them in the consumer market.IntroductionIn the mid-20th century investigate workers at the Universit & A eacute de Nancy in France foremost produced electroluminescence with organic stuffs. These research workers demonstrable setup that would direct excitement of the dye molecules or excitement of negatrons Bernius, M . These electroluminescent cells were developed utilizing acridine orange and mepacrine with a high electromotive force of startle current. After their success many stuffs were studied and experimented in assorted establishments to detect a stuff that would supply a high quality visible radiation end product. It was discovered that certain plastics could be altered into conductive stuffs. This find helped the apprehension of conductive stuffs and their be considerableingss. These finds revolutionized the attack to digital engineering by showing a cheaper and more flexible option to expensive semiconducting materials of the clip.In 1985 the Eastman Kodak Company developed a bilayer thingmabob based on vapour deposited molecular movies that use a hole conveyance bed with a bed electroluminescence. This find was done by accident while they were experimenting with solar cells and noticed a earnest stuff that was subsequently patented and was the start of OLED engineering Tang, C. W. . This stark naked rectifying tube showed the potency of a device that would hold improved efficiency with less motive to run.Modern OLED devices are able to breathe visible radiation on their ain, un handle LCD devices that are dependent on backlight beginning to make light. easy is emitted from the smaller OLED pels with aid of a in truth thin organic movie bed. This bed of organic stuff is placed between two music directors, which are besides between a glass top home base and a glass underside home base kwon as the substrate.When an electric up-to-the-minute is applied to the two music directors, a bright, electro luminescent v isible radiation is produced from the organic stuff. OLED engineering is unfeignedly dynamic when it comes to light that can breathe from really little luminescent to a really high degree measured in little increases. With the add-on of twine movies, OLEDs can use the basic colour specifying pigments ruddy, green and down in the mouth to make any coveted colour or shadiness including white So, Franky .Unfortunately, these rectifying tubes are still expensive to bring forth. Newly maturation engineerings such as intercrossed light-emitting bed that consists of non-conductive polymers doped with light-emitting conductive polymers offer both mechanical and production advantages that could assist work out the disbursal of these rectifying tubes So, Franky . to a greater extent research is required to develop a higher quality production of OLEDs, fortuitously with the degree of advancement already achieved with OLEDs it will merely be a affair of clip.BodyAt this clip OLED engin eering is the taking following coevals engineering for level panel shows. OLED devices will dwell of full colour visible radiation breathing engineering, which provide high brightness, low power ingestion and great transmission line. Furthermore, they are compact, lightweight, can defy important mechanical tonss have have a broad stage setting of operating temperatures Wen, S.-W. , M.-T . The possible for these show devices is rather big. Their application from cell phones, auto wireless to the helmet mounted index shows on the windscreen of vehicles and illuming can greatly better assorted developing engineerings. The development of phosphorescent stuffs like OLED, can be non merely use to expose devices, but besides as a thin movie light beginning that may replace legion incandescent big and expensive non organic LED beginnings.OLEDs produce light by the recombination of negatrons and holes. When a electromotive force is applied across the device, negatrons are injected from c athode and holes are injected from anode. Transport and radiative recombination of electron-hole braces is at the emissive polymer beds M & A uuml llen, K. , . As the negatrons bead into the holes, they judgment of dismissal energy in the signifier of visible radiation. The colour of the visible radiation emitted depends on the composing of the organic emissive bed. Multiple beds can be combined in one device to bring forth any colour including white.Material efficienciesThe chief demands for OLED stuffs are high luminescence in the solid province, beloved bearer mobility, good thermal and oxidative stableness and good colour pureness Wen, S.-W. , M.-T . The i?rst coevals of efi?cient OLEDS developed from Eastman Kodak was based on iuorescent stuffs.In this instance, the emanation of visible radiation is the consequence of the recombination of vest excitons or nomadic concentration of energy in a crystal. However, the knowledgeable efi?ciency is limited to 25 % M & A uuml llen, K. , . The second coevals uses phosphorescent stuffs where all excitons emit through an efi?ciently four times more than iuorescent stuffs.The presence of heavy atoms such as Ir or Pt additions spin-orbit yoke, favours intersystem traversing and allows radiative three passages. Baldo et Al. 30 were the i?rst to describe the usage of green phosphorescent dye to increase the device efi?ciency. Highly efi?cient viridity and ruddy electro phosphorescent emitters have been demonstrated with internal quantum efi?ciencies nearing 100 % . 31,32 The highest aglow efi?ciency of 70 lumen W?1 reported up to now was obtained by Ikai et Al. 33 utilizing tris ( 2-phenylpyridine ) Ir ( ternion ) ( Ir ( ppy ) 3 ) phosphorescent dye in an improved device construction. Phosphorescent stuffs have besides been used in polymer engineering ( sozzled procedure ) . 34 The stuffs used for OLEDs are formless or semi-crystalline i?lms. For SM-OLED, typical p-type stuffs are derived functions of tria rylamines, and n-type stuffs consist of derived functions of metal chelates such as tris ( 8-hydroxyquinolato ) aluminum ( III ) ( Alq3 ) , triazoles or oxadiazoles. The efi?ciency is improved by doping the breathing bed with assorted organic dyes as shown in Table 1. By and large the doping rate is about 1-2 wt % and this beginning has been widely used to tune the coloring material and to better the device life-time. It has been demonstrated that by doping the host Alq3 with assorted guest molecules such as coumarin 540 ( C540 ) , 2,4-bis ( dicyanomethylene ) 6- ( p-dimethylaminostyryl ) -4H-pyran ( DCM1 ) or 2-methyl-6- 2- ( 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo ij quinolizin-9-yl ) ethenyl -4H-pyran-4-ylidene propanedinitrile ( DCM2 ) , the electroluminescence efi?-ciency can be improved by a factor of two at least. 7 Furthermore, by utilizing these dopants, a broad scope of colorss from greenish-blue to orangish-red can be obtained.StabilityDevice stableness is an of import iss ue for an emissive engineering such as OLEDs, and peculiarly differential ripening of the three primary colourss. Despite the absence of any exchangeable measuring method, the device life-time is normally dei?ned as the average clip to half-brightness. It is by and large assumed that for show applications, except likely for portable electronics, a life-time of over 20 000 H with a sensible brightness degree of at least 100 cadmium m?2 is necessary. However, as discussed subsequently in this paper, to accomplish such a degree of show brightness, the luminosity of each pel needs to be much higher, and it has been widely shown that the life-time of OLEDs beads dramatically for high luminosity values. Degradation phenomena occur both under operating conditions and while the device is in storage, and consequence in a lessening in device luminosity and an addition of the on the job electromotive force over clip for a changeless current denseness value. Three distinguishable debasement me chanisms have been identii?ed in small-molecule-based OLEDs 46 dark-spot debasement, ruinous failure and intrinsic debasement. While the i?rst two debasement manners can be moderately solve by agencies of equal control over the device fiction conditions ( clean room, glove-box, encapsulation ) , the intrinsic debasement mechanism is more ambitious and still remains an issue for OLED engineering and peculiarly for the bluish colour. Signii?cant activity is taking topographic point in order to better device life-time by utilizing new stuffs that are immune to oxidization and by developing efi?cient encapsulation procedures. High glass passage temperature ( Tg ) stuffs are desired in order to acquire stable devices under operation. Lifetimes now reported in the literature for the most advanced i?rst coevals RGB stuffs ( iuorescent SM stuffs and polymers ) are good over 20 000 H at room temperature and at least for luminosity up to 100 cadmium m?2. Nevertheless, the bluish life-time re mains weaker ( peculiarly for polymer stuffs ) which could do a ruddy interlingual rendition of the show due to differential ripening of RGB colourss. Typical life-time values are shown in Table 2 for the 2nd coevals of stuffs. 47 Efi?cient and stable bluish phosphorescent stuffs are non yet available and remain a challenge for the chemist. One has to maintain in head that the life-time drops dramatically with increasing temperature, and most of the paradigms developed so far have a life-time of 6000-8000 H at room temperature, which is non high plenty for more demanding applications such as telecasting or computer science machine shows. In contrast to other show engineerings, OLED shows can be fabricated on iexible substrates but so far such iexible devices have non reached the market owing chiefly to their limited life-time. Effective encapsulation ( both on the underside and top side of the device ) of iexible OLED shows is still an industrial challenge. A reappraisal of thin-i ?lm pervasion barrier engineering for iexible OLEDs has been published late. 48Future TendenciesOLED engineering is the following large thing. It is a new engineering used to make thin, efficient and bright shows and illuming panels. OLED shows have many advantages over LCDs every bit good more colourss, increased brightness and contrast ratio, faster reply clip for full gesture picture and less power ingestion. OLEDs devices are highly efficient between 95 99 % of the input energy reborn to visible radiation. Since the beds that make up the OLED are really thin, photons are non trapped within the active part, as can be the instance with LCD devices. The contrast ratio is an country where OLED show trumps plasma show though, since it offers blacker inkinesss and brighter Whites. The contrast ratios for plasma shows are around the 5,0001 grade whereas for OLED shows this figure runs up to 1,000,0001 Merson, Gary . some(prenominal) displays employ pels that are emissive in natur e and make visible radiation instead than barricade the visible radiation from an external beginning. This blocking of light creates a great egress experience with broad position capablenesss. One possible hereafter vision for OLED engineering is the usage on transparent Windowss. These devices would work like a regular window by twenty-four hours. At dark it could be switched on and go a light beginning or an internal pilotage system. This could be possible because OLED allows transparent shows and light beginnings.The current province of OLED engineering is really exciting since the many old ages of its development is eventually demoing really originative results. Thin movie shows and luminescent lighting applications have greatly progressed with OLED structured developing engineerings. The chances of OLED engineering are great but non without its hurdlings.DecisionOLED is an emerging new engineering for thin panel shows and luminescents. It can be used for mp3 participants, cell phones, digital cameras or handheld gambling devices. The field of applications for OLED shows is wide. Compared to LCD and plasma OLED is a better engineering in all facets. OLED show features develop perfect black, sing angles, highly fast response clip, true colour deepness, highly clarified frame with low power ingestion. The lone downside of the OLED engineering is the financial value and its life-time. Currently, OLED shows are merely come ining the market so their production costs and monetary values are really high. Plasma and LCD shows have been around for many old ages, so they are much cheaper. This factor along with the long life of Plasma shows gives them the border in the current market, but OLED engineering is a developing engineering. As the engineering progresses the monetary values of these shows will descend and their popularity will increase therefore they will slowly push plasma shows off the market. This engineering has great possible and has a really broad scope of applications. It has important cost advantage compared with the production engineering of liquid crystal matrices. These devices are much less rich in stuffs they require a importantly smaller figure of fabricating operations. Though OLED engineering is still being developed, assorted signifiers are already on the market such as Super AMOLED shows, in the close hereafter we will see more advanced presentations of this developing engineering and its benefits every bit shortly as the hurdlings are overcome.

Living Under The Threat Of Nuclear War Essay

For me living under the danger of atomic contend would have been terrible for me and my love ones. Living in trepidation ordinary realizing that at any minute a realm could drop an atomic bomb on me and my family and obliterate us is an extremely terrifying thought. To live under risk of an atomic warf atomic number 18 is to have the acknowledgment that your fate and your family predetermination is in the hands of a nation that your nation may be conflicting with. It is the acknowledgment that you might not have control over what is going to happen tomorrow.The danger of atomic war and the risk of terrorism have a few likenesses and contrasts. The similitudes would be that somebody could end your life or your family existence without you knowing when and where. Both atomic war and terrorism has the danger of hurting blameless regular citizens who in all likelihood dont have anything to do with the clash that is going on. The distinctions would be the danger of an atomic war could j ust originate from an alternate nation. Nowadays the danger of terrorism to me is a significantly all the more true and salute threat. Today anybody can be a terrorist. Today anybody can assemble a bomb in their storm cellar with the assistance of the web.This man make bomb that can without much of a stretch be amassed is then final paymentn into your nearby shopping center or at an exceptionally uncovered spot like we saw in the Boston Marathon Bombings. There is no face to terrorism nowadays and he or she needs to take safety measures and be mindful of their surroundings. All in all both atomic war and terrorism strikes fear in the hearts of everybody. Both are intended to wreak devastation and will execute numerous blameless individuals who have nothing to do with the clash. I feel both are inapplicable draw closees to settle an issue on the grounds that by what means can the issue be alteredwith more gore. We need to discover an alternate approach to determination issues as a nation and as individuals.

Impact of Priorities on the Intersection of Language and Culture

Carolina Granados Mrs. Brady AP Language and Literature 16 September 2012 Impact of Priorities on the Intersection of Language and Culture The impact of language on stopping point and culture on language argon all essentially based on priorities. A priority depose be described as a resource or activity that a culture gives specified attention to. Distinguishing the priorities of a culture can be easily dvirtuoso by victorious a look at their language or at their culture. The priorities of cultures, such as that of the Normans, Eskimos, Italians or Asians, are fodder, anyday activities, and communicating.There are m all types of priorities but one priority that is probably the most important to any culture is nutriment. According to Bill Bryson in The Mother Tongue, every language has areas in which it needs, for practical purposes, to be more expressive than others (14). This connotes that the cultures priorities ca give the language to be more expressive. For example, Italian s have over 500 names for macaroni because pasta is their principal(prenominal) priority, while Araucanian Indians of Chile have a variety of nomenclature for hunger because provender is scarce thus non a top priority.As reported by Tanya Brady in her lecture, in 1066 A. D the Normans and the Anglo Saxons had different words for the food they ate. The Anglo Saxons priority was the farm animals and to provide the French with food and so they named their food with words like sheep, cow and pig. On the other hand the Normans priority was not the farm animal but the actual food on their table therefore they named their food with words like mutton, beef, and bacon. This matters because it shows that their priorities of their food are seen throughout the words in their language.In 1984, Winston was unfamiliar with good foods, like wine. In the book OBrien says, Its called wine (Orwell 171). This means that Winston did not know what it was called because it was not in his language sine wine was some social function Winston never had, making it not a priority. Food is a simple priority that can be affected by the words we use to describe it. In The Origins of Pleasure, Paul boot argues that changing the word that describes the food can change what a person thinks they are eating thus bringing more pleasure. For example, changing the name of wines for a more luxurious and expensive name an cause adults to believe they are drinking the expensive stuff making the wine more enjoyable. This shows that the words that are chosen to describe something can affect priorities, like the adults with the wine. Priorities of any culture, like the Eskimos, circle around the everyday activities they do. According to Bill Bryson, Eskimos have fifty words for types of snow. This means that the snow is a large part of their life, making it a big part of their language. Bryson also states that Arabs have over 6,000 words for camels and camel equipment.Working with camels is an everyd ay thing for the Arabs making camels a priority to their culture. Brady makes it clear that the Normans focused everyday on matters of court, government, fashion, and high living, while the English peasants just continued to eat, drink, work and sleep. The disparity in preferences of these two tiers, the French-speaking autocracy and the English-speaking peasantry, is seen throughout the words in their language. In 1984 George Orwell describes that Winstons priority was to work for the Inner Party.His everyday life did not consist of fun and interesting activities but consisted instead on things the Party wanted him to do. This was because his leader Big Brother was destroying words out of their vocabulary which limit what Winston and the rest of the people in Oceania could do. Orwell describes Wintons day by saying, Hehurried of to the Center, took part in the solemn foolery of a discussion group, compete two games of table tennis and sat for a half an hour through a lecture (1 09). This shows his activities were controlled and limited.Mark Pagel in How Language transform Humanity said, You use your language to alter the settings inside someone elses brain to suit your interest, and in fact that was what Big Brother was doing to them. Limiting a persons activities also limits their priorities. Malcolm Gladwell, in Outliers, states that Asian children tend to work harder in maths because it is an advantage in their culture. Their language constructed of remarkably brief number words, which allowed the children to memorize them faster. The difference means that Asian children learn to count much faster than American children.This difference matters because the advantage of the number words in their language do mathematics one of their cultures priorities. Communication is another priority of any culture around the world. Davis Sedaris in Americans in Paris portrays the priority of communication perfectly. Davis Sedaris could not communicate with the people in Paris because of his language, which narrowed down who he was able to talk to and what he was able to do. Sedariss activities were around the people that made him happy and that he had ease understanding and communicating like the children at the theater.Sedariss priority of communicating with others was affected by the language he had not yet mastered. Malcolm Gladwell observed that the kinds of errors that cause plane crashes are invariably errors of communication. In the Avianca crash Klotz, the pilot, was not able to communicate his problem effectively because he was utilize his own cultural language, speaking as a subordinate would to a superior. To the Kennedy Airport air traffic controllers the mitigated speech from the pilot did not mean he was being deferential to a superior but instead it meant he didnt have a problem.According to George Orwell the Inner Party used euphony to prevent people in Oceania to communicate. The purpose was so that their society would speak so easily, almost automatically, with no personal expression so that communicating would wrench harder. Stripping away the uniqueness of how the word was said made the ideas left behind not worth listening to, thus decreasing the communication amongst everyone. Orwell says, There will be no love (267). In Oceania the people did not have any individual relationships, or any bonds or any love because there was no communication.This means that the priority of communication with individuals, like friends and family was removed completely. This matters because again changing the language in any way can affect the priorities of any individual, like the priority of communication. Mark Pagel states, Our modern world is communicating with its self and with each other. This means that communication is a way for every culture to transfer goods, ideas and technologies. This is a way for parts of the world to put their priorities together changing the known language and culture.Priorities are a large gene of the intersection between language and culture. Priorities essentially distinguish the difference in cultures by pin pointing the focuses in every single culture. Priorities of cultures, such as the food they eat, the activities they conduct, and the way they communicate, affect what people correlate to the words they speak which in turn changes the language. Works Cited Brady, Tanya. The History of English Language. A. P. English Language and Composition. Tahquitz High School. colossus Trail, Hemet, CA. 22 August 2012. Lecture Bryson, Bill.The Mother Tongue The English Language. Great Britain Penguin Books,1990. Print. Gladwell, Malcolm. Outliers The Story of Success. New Work Little, Brown and Company, November 2008 Orwell, George. 1984. New York Penguin Books, 1949. Print Page, Mark. How Language Transformed Humanity. 2011 August. http//www. ted. com/talks/view/lang/en//id/1203 Sedaris, David. 165 Americans in Paris. Interview with David Sedaris. By Mike, Dai sey. Chicago, 2012. Web Bloom, Paul. The Origins of Pleasure. TED Global. Edinburgh, Scotland. July 2011. Conference Presentation.

Canada: The Defining Moments of a Nation

A defining moment is the point at which, a bunk is clearly seen to undergo a change. Canada, as a growing nation, has encountered m whatever defining moments throughout its history. During the twentieth century women of Canada have undergone numerous moments that brought about square changes for themselves. The most prominent moments, which brought about the most change and significance are the persons case of 1928, the womens liberation movement throughout the 1960s and 70s and the ratification of the Treaty for Rights of Women (CEDAW) in 1981.These trio events in Canadas history brought about many crucial changes for the woman of Canada. After woman won the persons case in 1929, Canada fin eachy considered women to be profound persons. awareness of womens equating came to the fore front during the womans liberation movement in the 1960s and 1970s. Finally in 1981 Canada enforced stricter laws for crimes against woman, when it sanctioned the Treaty for Rights of Women. It beca me socially and politically unsatisf characterizationory for women to be the scapegoats of society. These moments changed they way women where treated in society, politics, and in the workforce.The infamous persons case of 1928 gained national recognition when fivesome Alberta women, known today as the famous five took on the Supreme woo of Canada, asking if the word persons in section 24 of the British North American Act included women. The Supreme Court of Canada rulight-emitting diode that the word persons did non include women. This meant women were not considered legal persons, eligible to run or patronage office, or be a part of any political stance. After their great loss to the Supreme Court, they continued the fence, and brought their case to the British Privy Council, where they where victorious.The British Privy council announced that women were indeed persons, and as overlord Chancellor of the Privy Council put it The exclusion of woman from all public offices is a relic of days more barbarous than ours. The persistence of these five Alberta women led all Canadian women to victory in 1929. It was no surprise these women are known today as the famous five. Prior to this defining moment, women were not considered legal persons in the matters of rights and privileges. However, when they won their case women were considered legal persons and now had the same rights and privileges of any man.Before this time in history, women were not eligible to run or hold public office. It was simply not allowed under the British North American Act. The word persons excluded woman and all nouns, pronouns and adjectives in the British North American act where masculine, and that was who was meant to govern Canada. The triumph of the persons case allowed women to become appointed senators of Canada and members of federal bodies. In 1930 the first female senator, Carnie Wilson, was appointed by Prime Minister Mackenzie King.Today 229 members of sevens are wom en. The persons case also gave women hope. The persons case brought about numerous significant changes for women, and can be considered a defining moment for the women of Canada. By 1960 womens rights groups were showing up all over Canada. The womens movement had begun. In 1966 thirty-two different womens groups from across Canada came together to for the Committee for the Equality of Women in Canada. Within a year the delegation forced the government to launch a Royal Commission on the Status of Women.The journalist Florence Bird who covered the story, submitted a report a hardly a(prenominal) years later, known today as the Bird Report. It consisted over 160 recommendations addressing the decreasing equality of women. While Ottawa tried to avoid these issues the womens organizations where growing. By 1972, three-hundred womens rights groups came together to form The National Action Committee for the Equality of Women (NAC). This committee saw it their duty to see that the Bird Reports recommendations were put into practice.At the end of the movement, women had greater equality within the workforce. In a recent public-opinion poll, three out of four Canadian citizens agreed that the womens movement had a positive effect on Canadian society. This time in history was a huge breakthrough for all woman, it brought about immense significant changes for the working women of Canada. The United Nations convention on the voidance of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW) is a treaty to eliminate violence and discrimination towards women. Canada ratified this treaty in 1981.It was a defining moment for all women of Canada because it was not only socially unacceptable for women to play the role of scapegoats, but new enforced laws wouldnt allow it. Ratifying countries, such as Canada where to condemn discrimination in all forms and ensure that legal framework, including all laws, policies and practices would provide protection against discrimination and e mbody the principle of equality. The treaty also commits ratifying nations to overcome barriers to discrimination against women in the areas of egal rights, education, employment, healthcare, politics and finance. In order to overcome these barriers Canada set up numerous new programs and institutions to help distressed women, or women seeking advice or help. In 1980, the year before Canada ratified the treaty, 90% of women reported receiving unwanted sexual attention on the job. After 1981, this statistic dropped dramatically. In addition, ratifying countries must submit a hap report to the United Nations for review. This progress report Canada must write ensures that discrimination and violence against women is minimal.Canada does not want to end up in the United Nations international court of justice. This moment in Canadian history truly helped all women overcome existing barriers towards the end of the 20th century. Over the 20th century women in Canada have struggled for equa lity. The persons case of 1928 began an atmospheric change for women. In the early 1960s the womens liberation movement carried the fight for equal rights for women, and the ratification of the treaty for rights of women in 1981 was a milestone in the fight for equality.These defining moments gave women the same political rights with the persons case, equality with the womens liberation movement, and reassurance these rights would be enforced when Canada ratified the treaty for rights of women. All throughout Canadas history womens rights have been a touchy issue. The battle for equality is still driven today by the new generation. It appears as if the battle will never be quite over, but Canadian women have been blessed that these event occurred in our history, or the women of Canada would not be anywhere close the equality we have today

A Rose for Emily: Pressures of Society

Pressures of Society Most people desire to fit in with the social norm. People do non want to be outcasts or different. Everyone in a community tries to fit into their cookie cutter forms to make themselves just handle everyone else. Society does non like those who dont fit in and meet their standards. In the short story A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner, the main character Emily lives in a society upright of high up morals and monetary status. The setting plays a huge role on the actions of Emily and forces her to seclude herself from the rest of society. A Rose for Emily takes place in post- well-mannered war Jefferson, a small town in the deep south of the United States. The setting of the story helps illuminate the values of society during that time. Emilys society was built on the beliefs that the white, upper-class citizens were far more superior to everyone else. Being that they were more superior, everyone was held to a higher standard. The people of Jefferson were expected to have prim and proper houses and yards, high morals, and to obey all of the towns laws.While Emily was part of the upper-class, she did not quite fit in to societys cookie cutter mold. Emilys house was an eyesore to the rest of the town, she was said to be geological dating a gay man who was of the working class, and she did not pay her taxes. The people of the town began to question Emilys sanity because she was not just like everyone else. Some of the ladies began to hypothecate that it was a disgrace to the town and a bad example to the young people. but at last the ladies forced the Baptist minister. o band upon her. (94-95) These actions show how much society truly wanted to change Emilys way of life so she would fit in with them and stop ruining their image. The southern outlandish setting with these harsh conditions led Emily to lock herself in her home in order to seclude herself from society. Emily did not feel welcome in her society. She knew that the othe rs judged her and looked down upon her for her actions. The rams of society took a huge toll on Emily. The front door closed upon the last one and remained closed for good. When the town got free postal delivery, Miss Emily but refused to let them fasten the metal numbers above her door and attach a mailbox to it. She would not listen to them. (95). Emily felt as though she was a total outcast in her society and she became insane because of it. After her death, the town finds out that Emily had murdered her future husband. She had truly gone insane due to the pressure that society had placed on her.All in all, Emilys harsh society that she lived in caused her to feel unwelcome and go insane. Emily felt forced into locking herself absent in her home to seclude herself from society. The high moral standards that the rich white southerners place on society greatly affected the life of Miss Emily. Emily did not fit into societys cookie cutter mold, and as a result she was ridiculed and cast away from the rest of society. The pressures of society can have a very modify effect on those who do not fit into the social norms.

Tamil Eelam Issue in Indian Politics

- governing From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the fluental magazine, seeThe Politic. For early on(a) exercises, seePolitics (disambiguation). Politics(fromGreekpolitikosof, for, or relating to citizens) is theartorscienceof influencing people on a civic, or singular level, when on that point be more than 2 people involved. Modern policy-making discourse focuses on democracy and the family between people and politics. It is thought of as the way we choose government officials and sword decisions about public policy. 1 * editEtymology European Parliament The wordpoliticscomes from theGreekword (politika), modeled onAristotles affairs of the city, the name of his volume on governing and governments, which was rendered in English in the mid-15th century as Latinized Polettiques. 2Thus it became politics inMiddle Englishc. 1520s (see theConcise Oxford Dictionary). The singularpolitic firstborn attested in English 1430 and comes fromMiddle Frenchpolitique, in turn fro mLatinpoliticus,3which is thelatinisationof the Greek politikos), meaning amongst others of, for, or relating to citizens, civil, civic, be to the state,4in turn from (polites), citizen5and that from (polis), city. 6 - editHistory The history of politics is reflected in the institution and development, and economics of the institutions ofgovernment. editThe state Main article accede (polity) Sun Tzu The origin of thestateis to be found in the development of theart of warf ar.historically speaking, all policy-making communities of the modern type owe their existence to successful warf ar. 7 Kings, emperors and other types of monarchs in gentle homosexualy countries including China and Japan, were considered divine. Of the institutions that ruled states, that ofkingshipstood at the forefront until the French Revolution put an end to the divine rightly of kings. Nevertheless, the monarchy is among the longest-lasting semipolitical institutions, dating as first as 2100 BC in S umeria8to the 21st Century AD British Monarchy.Kingship becomes an institution through heredity. The king often, unconstipated inabsolute monarchies, ruled his dry lower with the aid of an elite multitude of advisors, aCouncilwithout which he could not maintain power. As these advisors, and others outside the monarchy negotiated for power,constitutional monarchiesemerged, which may be considered the germ ofconstitutional government. citation needed presbyopic before the council became a bulwark of democracy, it rendered invaluable aid to the institution of kingship bycitation needed 1.Preserving the institution of kingship through heredity. 2. Preserving the traditions of the social order. 3. Being able to withstand criticism as an impersonal authority. 4. Being able to manage a niftyer deal of knowledge and action than a single person such as the king. The superlative of the kings subordinates, theearls,archdukesanddukesin England and Scotland, thedukesandcountsin the Contin ent, always sat as a right on the Council. A conqueror wages war upon the vanquished for vengeance or for uncase exclusively an established kingdom exactstri howevere.One of the functions of the Council is to keep the coffers of the king full. Another is the satisfaction of phalanx serviceand the establishment oflordshipsby the king to satisfy the task of amass taxes and soldiers. 9 editThe state and property Propertyis the right vested on the individualistic or a group of people to enjoy the benefits of an object be it material or intellectual. A right is a power enforced by public trust. Sometimes it happens that the exercise of a right is opposed to public trust.Nevertheless, a right is really an institution brought around by public trust, past, present or future. The growth of knowledge is the key to the history of property as an institution. The more man becomes knowledgeable of an object be it physical or intellectual, the more it is appropriated. The appearance of the c ountry brought about the final stage in the evolution of property from wild purport to husbandry. In the presence of the earth, man sack up hold landed property. The call forth began granting lordships and ended up conferring property and with it cameinheritance.With landed property came rent and in the exchange of goods, profit, so that in modern times, the lord of the land of long ago becomes the landlord. If it is wrongly assumed that the value of land is always the same, then there is of course no evolution of property whatever. However, the price of land goes up with every increase in population benefitting the landlord. The landlordism of large land owners has been the most rewarded of all political services. In industry, the position of the landlord is less important unless in towns which nourish grown out of an industry, the fortunate landlord has reaped an enormous profit.Towards the latter part of the Middle Ages in Europe, two the State the State would use the inst rument ofconfiscationfor the first time to satisfy a debt and the Church the Church succeeded in acquiring immense quantities of land were allied against the village community to displace the small landlord and they were successful to the extent that to twenty-four hour period, the village has become the ideal of theindividualist, a place in which every man does what he wills with his own. The State has been the most important factor in the evolution of the institution of property be it public or snobbish. 10 editThe state and the justness formation As a primarily military institution, the State is implicated with theallegianceof its subjects viewing disloyalty andespionageas well as other sorts ofconspiraciesas detrimental to its theme security. Thus a leaps the impartiality oft actor. Criminal acts in general, breaking the peace and treason make up the whole, or at least part ofcriminal lawenforced by the State as distinguished fromthe law enforced by private individuals or by the state on behalf of private individuals.State justice has taken the place of clan, feudalistic, merchant and ecclesiastical justice due to its strength, skill and simplicity. One very striking evidence of the superiority of the royal judicatures over the feudal and popular courts in the matter of official skill is the fact that, until comparatively late in history, the royal courts alone kept written records of their proceedings. Thetrial by jurywas adopted by the Royal Courts, securing its popularity and making it a bulwark of liberty.By the time of theProtestant Reformation, with the separation of Church and State, in the most progressive countries, the State succeeded in dealing with the business of administering justice. 11 editThe state The making of laws was unknown to primitive societies. That most persistent of all patriarchal societies, theJewish, retains to a real extent its tribal law in theGentilecities of the West. This tribal law is the rudimentary idea of law as it presented itself to people in the patriarchal stage of society, it wascustomorobservancesanctioned by the approval and practice of ancestors. citation needed The state of affairs which existed in the 10th century, when every town had its own laws and nations ilk France, Germany, Spain and other countries had no national law until the end of the 18th century, was brought to an end by triad great agencies that helped to create the modern system of law and politycitation needed 1. RecordsFrom the early Middle Ages in Europe there come what ar called folk-laws and they appear exactly at the time when the patriarchal is becoming the State.They are due about universally to one cause the desire of the king to know the custom of his subjects. These are not legislation in the sense of law-making but statements or declarations of custom. They are drawn from a knowledge of the custom of the people. Unwritten custom changes imperceptibly but not the written. It is always possible to point to the exact text and set up what it says. Nevertheless, the written text can change by addition with every new edition. 2. law CourtsBy taking some general rule which seemed to be usual to all the communities and ignoring the differences, English common law was modeled after such a practice so that the law became common in all the districts of the kingdom. The reason why in the rest of Europe, there was no common law till centuries later is because the State in those countries did not get hold of the system of justice when England did. One of the shrewdest moves by which the English judges pushed their plan of making a common law was by limiting the verdict of the jury in every ase toquestions of fact. At first the jury used to give answers both on law and fact and being a purely local body, they followed local custom. A famous division came to pass the province of the judge and the province of the jury. 3. FictionsRecords and Law Courts were valuable in helping the p eople adapt to law-making but like Fictions, they were slow and imperfect. Though slowly, Fictions work because it is a well known fact that people will accept a change in the form of a fiction part they would resist it to the end if the fact is out in the open.British parliament Finally there is the homophile activity of laws or legislation. When progress and development is rapid, the hot method ofpolitical representationis adopted. This method does not originate in primitive society but in the State need for money and its use of an assembly to raise the same. From the town assembly, a national assembly and the progress of commerce sprangParliamentall over Europe around the end of the twelfth century but not entirely representative or homogeneous for the nobility and the clergy.The clergy had amassed a fortune in land, about one-fifth of all Christendom but at the time, in the 12th and 13th centuries, the Church was following a policy of isolation they adopted the rule ofceliba cyand cut themselves from domestic life they refused to plead in a secular court they refused to pay taxes to the State on the grounds that they had already paid it to thePope. Since the main object of the king in holding a national assembly was to collect money, the Church could not be left out and so they came to Parliament.The Church did not like it but in most cases they had to come. citation needed The medieval Parliament was complete when it represented all the states in the realm nobles, clergy, peasants and craftsmen but it was not a popular institution in general because it meanttaxation. Only by the strongest pressure of the vizor were Parliaments maintained during the first century of their existence and the best proof of this assertion lies in the fact that in those countries where the Crown was weak, Parliament ceased to exist.The notion that parliaments were the result of a democratic movement cannot be indorseed by historical facts. Originally, the representative s ide of Parliament was solely concerned with money representation in Parliament was a liability rather than a privilege. It is not uncommon that an institution created for one purpose begins to serve some other. battalion who were asked to contribute with large sums of money began topetition. Pretty soon, sessions in Parliament would turn into bargaining tables, the king granting petitions in exchange for money.However, there were two kinds of petitions, one private and the other public and it was from this last that laws were adopted orlegislationoriginated. The king as head of State could give orders to preserve territorial integrity but not until these royal enactments were combined with public petition that successful legislation ever took place. Even to the present day, this has always been the basis of all successful legislation public custom is adopted and enforced by the State. citation needed In the early days of political representation, themajoritydid not necessarily car ry the day and there was very little need for contestedelectionsbut by the beginning of the 15th century, a seat in Parliament was something to be cherished. Historically speaking, the dogma of the equality of man is the result of the adoption of the purely practical machinery of the majority but the adoption of the majority principle is as well as responsible for another institution of modern times theparty system.The party system is an elaborate piece of machinery that pits at least two political candidates against each other for the select of an electorate its advantage being equal representation interesting a large number of people in politics it provides effective criticism of the government in power and it affords an outlet for the ambition of a large number of wealthy and educated people guaranteeing a consistent policy in government. citation needed These three institutions political representation, majority rule and the party system are the basic components of modern poli tical machinery they are applicable to both central and local governments and are becoming by their adaptability ends in themselves rather than a machinery to achieve some purpose. 12 editThe state and the executive system The administration is one of the most difficult aspects of government.In the enactment and enforcement of laws, the victory of the State is complete but not so in regards to administration the reason being that it is easy to see the advantage of the enactment and enforcement of laws but not the administration of domestic, religious and business affairs which should be kept to a minimum by government. citation needed TheGerman Chancellery(Bundeskanzleramt) inBerlin Originally, the state was a military institution. For many years, it was just a territory ruled by a king who was surrounded by a small elite group of warriors and court officials and it was essentially rule by force over a larger mass of people.Slowly, however, the people gained political representatio n for none can really be state to be a member of the State without the right of having a voice in the direction of policy making. One of the basic functions of the State in regards to administration is maintaining peace and internal order it has no other excuse for interfering in the lives of its citizens. To maintain law and order the State develops authority ofcommunication. Historically, the kings thoroughfare was laid raven and maintained for the convenience of the royal armies not as an incentive tocommerce.In almost all countries, the State maintains the control of the means of communication and supernumerary freedoms such as those delineated in theFirst Amendment to the United States Constitutionare rather limited. The States original function of maintaining law and order within its borders gave rise to guardadministration which is a branch of the dispensation ofJusticebut on its preventive side, police jurisdiction has a special character of its own, which distinguishes it from ordinary judicial work.In thecurfew, the State shows early in history the importance of preventing disorder. In early days, next to maintaining law and order, the State was concerned with the raising ofrevenue. It was then useful to the State to establish astandardofweights and measuresso that value could be generally accepted and finally the State acquired amonopolyofcoinage. The regulation of labor by the State as one of its functions dates from the 15th century, whenthe Black Plaguekilled around half of the European population. citation needed The invariable policy of the State has always been to break down all intermediate authorities and to deal directly with the individual. This was the policy untilAdam SmithsThe Wealth of Nationswas published promoting a strong public reaction against State interference. By its own action, the State raised the issue of the misfortunate or the State relief of theindigent. The State, of course, did not create poverty but by destroying the chief agencies which dealt with t such as the village, the church and theguilds, it practically assumed full responsibility for the poor without exercising any power over it. The Great Poor Law Report of 1834 showed thatcommunismwas widespread in the rural areas of England. In newly developed countries such as thecoloniesof theBritish Empire, the State has refused to take responsibility for the poor and the relief of poverty, although the poor classes lean heavily towards State socialism. citation needed Taking into account the arguably significant powers of the State, it is only natural that in times of great crisis such as an overwhelming calamity the people should invoke general State aid. citation needed governmental representation has helped to shape State administration. When the voice of the individual can be heard, the danger of arbitrary interference by the State is greatly reduced. To that extent is the increase of State activity popular.There are no hard and nimble rules to limit State administration but it is a fallacy to believe that the State is the nation and what the State does is necessarily for the good of the nation. In the first place, even in modern times, the State and the nation are never identical. Even where universal suffrage prevails, the fact remains that an extension of State administration means an increased interference of some by others, limiting freedom of action. Even if it is admitted that State and nation are one and the same, it is sometimes difficult to admit that State administration is necessarily good.Finally, the modern indiscriminate advocacy of State administration conceals the fallacy that State officials must necessarily prove more effective in their action thanprivate attempt. Herein lies the basic difference betweenPublicandBusiness Administration the first deals with thepublic wealwhile the second deals basically inprofitbut both require a great deal ofeducationandethical conductto avoid the mishaps inher ent in the relationship not only relating tobusinessandlabourbut also the State and the people administrating itsgovernment. 13 editThe varieties of political experience The swearing of the oath of ratification of the treaty of Munster in 1648(1648) byGerard ter Borch. According to Aristotle, States are classified intomonarchies,aristocracies,timocracies,democracies,oligarchies, andtyrannies. Due to an increase in knowledge of the history of politics, this classification has been abandoned. Generally speaking, no form of government could be considered the absolute best, as it would have to be the perfect form under all hatful, for all people and in all ways.As an institution created by the human nature togovern society, it is vulnerable toabuse by people for their own gain, no matter what form of government a state utillises, thus posing that there is no best form of government. All States are varieties of a single type, the sovereign State. All theGreat Powersof the modern world r ule on the principle ofsovereignty. self-directed power may be vested on an individual as in anautocratic governmentor it may be vested on a group as in a constitutional government.Constitutionsare written documents that specify and limit the powers of the different branches of government. Although a Constitution is a written document, there is also an unwritten Constitution. The unwritten constitution is continually being written by the Legislative branch of government this is just one of those cases in which the nature of the circumstances determines the form of government that is most appropriate. Nevertheless, the written constitution is essential.England did set the fashion of written constitutions during theCivil Warbut after theRestorationabandoned them to be taken up later by theAmerican Coloniesafter theiremancipationand thenFranceafter theRevolutionand the rest of Europe including the European colonies. citation needed There are two forms of government, one a strong centr al government as in France and the other a local government such as the antediluvian patriarch divisions in England that is comparatively weaker but less bureaucratic.These two forms helped to shape thefederal government, first in Switzerland, then in the United States in 1776, in Canada in 1867 and in Germany in 1870 and in the twentieth century,Australia. The national States introduced the new principle of agreement orcontract. Compared to afederation, aconfederations singular weakness is that it lacksjudicial power. citation neededIn theAmerican Civil War, the contention of the Confederate States that a State couldsecedefrom the Union was untenable because of the power enjoyed by the Federal government in the executive, legislative and judiciary branches. citation needed According to professorA. V. DiceyinAn Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, the essential features of a federal constitution are a) A written supreme constitution in order to prevent dispute s between the jurisdictions of the Federal and State authorities b) A distribution of power between the Federal and State governments and c) A Supreme Court vested with the power to interpret the Constitution and enforce the law of the land remaining independent of both the executive and legislative branches. 14 editPolitical party Main articlepolitical party Apolitical partyis apolitical organizationthat typically seeks to attain and maintain political power withingovernment, usually by participating inelectoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions. Parties often espouse an expressedideologyor vision bolstered by a writtenplatformwith specific goals, forming acoalitionamong disparate interests. citation needed edit land politics TheUnited Nationsbuilding inNew York CityThe 20th century witnessed the outcome of two world wars and not only the rise and fall of theThird Reichbut also the rise and fall ofcommunism. The development of the atomic bombgave the United States a more rapid end to its conflict in Japan inWorld War II. Later, the development of theHydrogen bombbecame the last-ditch weapon of mass destruction. TheUnited Nationshas served as a forum for peace in a world threatened by nuclear war. The invention of nuclear and space weapons has made war unacceptable as an instrument for achieving political ends. 15Although an all-out final nuclear holocaust is out of the question for man, nuclear blackmail comes into question not only on the issue of world peace but also on the issue of national sovereignty. 16On a sunshine in 1962, the world stood still at the brink of nuclear war during the OctoberCuban missile crisisfrom the implementation ofU. S. vsU. S. S. R. nuclear blackmail policy. - editAs an academic disciplinePolitical science, the study of politics, examines the learnedness and application ofpower. 17Political scientistHarold Lasswelldefined politics as who gets what, when, and how. 18Related areas of study includepolitical philos ophy, which seeks a rationale for politics and an ethic of public behaviour,political economy, which attempts to develop understandings of the relationships between politics and the economy and the governance of the two, andpublic administration, which examines the practices of governance. citation neededThe philosopherCharles Blattberg, who has defined politics as responding to conflict with dialogue, offers an account which distinguishes political philosophies from political ideologies. 19 The first academic chair devoted to politics in the United States was the chair of history and political science atColumbia University, first occupied by Prussian emigreFrancis Lieberin 1857. 20 - editSpectraPolitical views differ on average across nations. A recreation of the InglehartWelzel Cultural Map of the World based on theWorld Values Survey. Main articlePolitical spectrum Several differentpolitical spectrumshave been proposed. editLeft-right politics Main articleLeftright politics of l ate in history, political analysts and politicians ramify politics intoleft wingandright wingpolitics, often also using the idea of center politics as a middle path of policy between the right and left.This classification is comparatively recent (it was not used byAristotleorHobbes, for instance), and dates from theFrench Revolutionera, when those members of the internal Assemblywho supported therepublic, the common people and asecular societysat on the left and supporters of themonarchy,aristocraticprivilege and the Church sat on the right. 21 The meanings behind the labels have become more complicated over the years. A particularly influential event was the publication of theCommunist ManifestobyKarl MarxandFrederick Engelsin 1848.TheManifestosuggested a course of action for aproletarianrevolution to overthrow thebourgeoissociety and abolish private property, in the belief that this would lead to aclasslessandstatelesssociety. citation needed The meaning of left-wing and right-wi ng varies considerably between different countries and at different times, but generally speaking, it can be said that the right wing often valuestraditionandsocial stratificationwhile the left wing often valuesreformandegalitarianism, with the center pursuance a balance between the two such as withsocial democracyorregulated capitalism. 22 According toNorberto Bobbio, one of the major exponents of this distinction, the Left believes in attempting to eradicate social inequality, while the Right regards most social inequality as the result of ineradicable natural inequalities, and sees attempts to enforce social equality as utopian or authoritarian. 23 Some ideologies, notablyChristian Democracy, claim to combine left and right wing politics according to Geoffrey K.Roberts and Patricia Hogwood, In terms of ideology, Christian Democracy has incorporated many of the views held by liberals, conservatives and socialists within a wider framework of moral and Christian principles. 24Movem ents which claim or formerly claimed to be above the left-right divide includeFascistTerza Posizioneeconomic politics in Italy,Gaullismin France,Peronismin Argentina, andNational Action Politicsin Mexico. citation needed editAuthoritarian-libertarian politics Authoritarianismandlibertarianismrefer to the amount of individualfreedomeach person possesses in that society relative to the state.One author describes authoritarian political systems as those where individualrightsand goals are subjugated to group goals, expectations and conformities,25while libertarians generally oppose thestateand hold theindividualassovereign. In their purest form, libertarians areanarchists, who argue for the total abolition of the state, ofPolitical partiesand ofother political entities, while the purest authoritarians are, theoretically,totalitarianswho support state control over all aspects ofsociety. citation needed For instance,classical liberalism(also known aslaissez-faireliberalism,26or, in much of the world, simplyliberalism) is a doctrine stressing individual freedom andlimited government. This includes the importance of human rationality, individualproperty rights,free markets,natural rights, the protection ofcivil liberties, constitutional limitation of government, and individual freedom from ascendency as exemplified in the writings ofJohn Locke,Adam Smith,David Hume,David Ricardo,Voltaire,Montesquieuand others.According to the libertarianInstitute for Humane Studies, the libertarian, or classical liberal, perspective is that individual well-being, prosperity, and social harmony are fostered by as much liberty as possible and as little government as necessary. 27For anarchist political philosopherL. Susan BrownLiberalism andanarchismare two political philosophies that are fundamentally concerned with individualfreedomyet differ from one another in very distinct ways. Anarchism shares with liberalism a radical commitment to individual freedom while rejecting liberalism s competitive property relations. 28 - editPolitical corruption Main articlePolitical corruption Unlimited power is apt to corrupt the minds of those who possess it. William Pitt the Elder29 Political corruptionis the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such asrepressionof political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption.Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties. citation needed Forms of corruption vary, but includebribery,extortion,cronyism,nepotism,patronage,graft, andembezzlement. While corruption may facilitatecriminal enterprisesuch asdrug trafficking,money laundering, andtrafficking, it is not restricted to these activities. citation neededThe activities tha t constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, certain political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or poorly defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. citation needed Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. 30A state of unrestrained

How Luxury Brands Were Affected by Recession Essay

Bovis homes group PLC, a leading UK house builder, had to review its incarnate plans as a result of the recession and major cuts in g everywherenment pass on building projects. Gives the high level of change in stinting and political environments, is there any point in collective planning? free your answer with reference to the house building industry and/or other organisations or industries you know that turn in been affected by such changes. (40 marks) Post 2007, spherical economy has been reeling under recession.Recessionary pressure began with United States economy slowing down however it has spread globally affecting all countries in well-nigh way or the other. Income level, employment have been affected badly. Consumption levels have gone down drastically, which affected consumer dependant countries, such as the UK. Traditionally, luxury brands have not been affected by recession so much, since they have been catering to the higher end class, which is not so affected by the economic downturn. However, in recent past, the luxury has been catering to the inspirational customers, whose consumption patterns are affected due to economic recession.During times like these, companies usually dependant on corporate planning. Some of them in order to grow, others to survive. Corporate planning is the process of drawing up detailed action plans to achieve an organizations goals and objectives, taking into sexual conquest the resources of the organization and the environment within which it operates. Music and books retailer HMV Group became a company that was heavily affected by recession in 2008, as it had to occlude 60 UK stores in the next 12 months in response to declining gross r neverthelessue.The 60 stores set to close represent roughly 10% of the groups UK heights Street presence, which comprises 285 HMV shops and 312 Waterstones outlets. The massive store closure of outlets was an attempt to survive, as they has been hammered by competition from digital downloads as well as supermarkets and online retailers undercutting it on price. As well as the store closures, HMV said it would implement other cost-cutting measures that would save it a further ? 10m per year.However HMVs corporate planning hasnt proved to be successful, as it turns out HMVs share price has declined steadily throughout 2010, and the latest drop brings its cumulative fall to more than 75% over the come through 13 months. Also the firms shares dropped 20% even further after it revealed the sales data, and admitted it was having trouble meeting the terms of a bank loan. As it turns out, HMVs retail analyst didnt expected music and DVD market falling that fast, despite their attempts to change their sales mix, offering iPods and live music in order to stay in the market.HMV is repeating Woolworths and Zavvi collapse during the recession. Fox described extremely difficult trading conditions with total sales of physical CDs and DVDs down 10% and 8% respectiv ely against the same six-month period last year. Without a new console to fire the imagination the picture was even worse in video games where sales plunged 12%, a fall that was on top of the 30% slump seen in 2009. It is not that value is paltry from physical to the digital sales it is estimable that value is being lost, said Fox. Therefore the HMV is facing severe competition and tough times due to recession.Their corporate planning proved to be unsuccessful, they are trying to deal with already dead market, which dont have any prerequisites to grow in the future. Poundland is complitely antithetic business, with different approach and corporate plan, as they grow during the recession periods. They are aimed at consumer who requires value. Some of that is driven by the economy or the economic conditions, close to of that is because the people have low disposable incomes and traditionally thats been the case, and they have needed to seek value. During tough economic conditions , that was always the case.When US recession just took place, in 2008, poundland started to grow using external growth. At christmas 2008, when Woolworth post-administration 600 stores became available, poundland took 70 of those over three years. Big success from the very beginning was due to , very bright property team, who use a network of agents so they are are constantly searching for new opportunities of expansion. A number of other opportunities have arisen over the years as well and they have been able to convert those quite quickly because they had a new store opening team and a overhaul programme, which really is about pie-cutting.So theres a process. The average around 60 stores a year now, so over one a week, which I think is testament to the quality of the team, the sourcing of the stores and the continual improvement in the performance of the business, which of course helps finance those opportunities. In the recession or difficult economic periods, all decisions ne eds to be discussed and implemented using professional team, which entrust make your business distinguish from arising competition. In the conclusion I would like to claim that recession is not true for every business.As we have seen preceding(prenominal), poundland did well during the recession period, as they targeting those on low-incomes and those, who willing to save, however a situation in a luxury industry differs The wealthy are not much affected by economic downturn and to use luxury goods is a mannequin of addiction it isnt easy to change the lifestyle even if personal income dropped. The Geneva motor show 2013 is happening right now. Rolls Royce is selling better than they did last year, as is Lamborghini.The Middle East, Russia do not seem to be feeling the crunch for the time being. The general feeling is that desire for the super luxury brands stiff high but purchases are being delayed. Lamborghini always under produce and have enough orders to remain keep product ion going for a huge time whilst mass to mid luxury car factories are laying off workers, that is the trend that works in the luxury sector. However, the middle-class luxury brands will be heavily affected due to concept that was stated above with an example of poundland.Surely some of them could be richer during the trouble times, but most are struggling and havent the mind to throw freely money for luxury items as before. The wealthy never stop spending, they just change what they spend their money on. For example companies like Hermes, Alfred Dunhill, Vacheron Constatine, and Botega Veneta are designed to be recession proof. Marc Jacobs and Chanel on the other hand will feel the pain. As stated above its all about client base and how corporate plan was developed and implemented.

Why Was Cinema Going so Popular in the First Half of the Century?

Frances Connolly Year 1 Modern Britain Linda Polley 16th May 2006 Essay Why was celluloid going so popular in the first half of the century and why did it decline after 1950? Both the rise in popularity of pic going and its spectacular decline are not and well docu mented and discussed, but surprisingly, shoot generated little general disagreement among historians. Eddie Dyja states categorically that cinema popularity is slowly explained, it is cheap glide slopeible and glamorous1. Where as most of the blame for the decline is attributed to the advent of television.Each is correct how constantly n both is the complete explanation of either scenario. No study would be complete without examining the social settings of the cinema going experience, interview segmenticipation as well as demographical recordics. The impact of the war cannot be ignored. A war time social stack in 1943 found that seventy percent of the adult population admitted attending the cinema regularly. pack Chapman tells us that during this flowing larger groups of the population are relatively better represented in the cinema audience than they are in the publics reached by early(a) media2.Similarly, to explain the decline in cinema solely in terms of television is to ignore the fact that television had actually been around for some time onward the decline. Also although the rapid decline began in 1945 television wasnt widely available until after the enthronisation in 1953. 3 In addition, an examination of both what was happening in the persistence and particularly to the cinema buildings themselves sheds further light on the decline of audiences.The first public screening of a film in this country before a paying audience was on 20th February 1896. It was orchestrated by cut magician Felicien Trewey using a Lumiere cinematograph, at Regent Street Polytechnic in London. Admission was 1s and it tag the beginning of Britains cubic decimeter year love affair with the cinema. L uke Mc Kernan and Stephen Herbert tell us that by the close of the nineteenth century it was firmly established as a medium of delight, instruction and taste. During the first 10 years of the twentieth century Britain was at the cutting edge of developments with the march of men like William Friese Greene who made the first moving picture on celluloid film in Hyde Park. other British man, George Albert Smith, actually devised the first colour arranging Kinemacolour in 1908. Interest in innovation and scientific advancement coupled with a political will to change the lot of the poor meant that this new, cheap urinate of entertainment appealed to an increasing number of mountain.Social developments in the aboriginal twentieth century, for example Lloyd Georges peoples budget, meant that a easily increasing number of people had money to spend on non essential items. Also increasingly, those people with money to spend were women and they needed a socially acceptable venue for t heir entertainment, the cinema fitted the bill. As they bore the brunt of the nerd of daily life so their need for escape and a vision of some other terra firma was greater. not only the choice of film but the whole nature of cinema going were factors which drew audiences.The early small flee pits where local communities gathered to socialise, Marwick suggests that eating, dozing and, for young couples courting, were all part of the experience5. Behaviour was close to less than decorous it was evaluate practice for audiences to shout at the screen and across the auditorium, making it a much more(prenominal) interactive experience. The films either in the silent era or the early talkies showed a world that the average work class audience could not know about any other way.Even when the images were idealised and less than accurate they provided a glamorous escape from the reality of poverty. When the dream palaces typified by the Odeon cinemas strengthened by Birmingham Busin essman Oscar Deutsch began to replace these small local cinemas they simply added to the glamour of the occasion by providing melodic line from the moment a person entered the building. get hold of choice was a similarly crucial indicator of the reasons people went to the pictures. The most popular films were in general the American imports.The industry there had expanded exponentially, the studio arranging created by the major studio owners and the huge home audiences allowed for the production of monumental budget high part films on a tremendous scale. The studios spent vast amounts of time and money marketing not only their films but their stars. Creating a culture of stars, Hollywood royalty whos every action was big news, world wide and whose salaries could not be conceived of, by the poor working class audiences in Britain who devoured their films. movie theater really came to pre tuberosity as the entertainment of the masses during the war. Michael Sissons and Phillip F rench tell us that whether it involved Rita Hayworth and Betty Grable cheering up the boys with displays of leg, or Noel Coward and John Mills inspiring them with displays of stiff upper lip,6 the cinema made a epochal contribution to the war effort. In movement, as well as entertaining the cinema now served a higher purpose. War was declared on 3rd September 1939, and although war fare did not presently reach British shores the effects began to show quickly.Gas masks were issued, blackouts enforced, shelters built, rationing introduced and sand bags were stored everywhere space could be found. On 7th September 1940 the Blitz began and London saw seventy six consecutive nights of bombing. Altogether threescore thousand British civilians were killed and two out of every seven houses was damaged. The brunt of this devastation was born by the working class, in such circumstances it is easy to see why the need for escape was greatly increased. add together to this the social chan ges brought about by necessity during the war and the rise in cinema attendance is easily understood.Conscription drained the country of young men, (in fact conscription was extended to single women between the ages of nineteen and twenty four,) at a time of greatest need. This drew women, particularly significantly married women into the general work force for the first time. This gave women economic and social freedoms as never before. This analogous lifting of traditional restrictions was extended to the young. some young people had to be left to their own devices and the cinema provided a couple of hours of cheap youngster sitting. Matinees were a staple for the young and dreaded by the cinema owners.The best seats were only a shilling and at least half the audience paid less. Combined with this, the war years saw an eighty percent rise in wages. An average weekly wage in 1938 was approximately fifty three shillings and three pence by 1945 this had risen to ninety three shil lings. The cost of living in this same period was only thirty one percent. 7 With married women working some households now had two in receives for the first time put simply there was more money to be spent on leisure when there was limited choice of suitable leisure so the cinema was an excellent option.When we come to examine the evidence for the decline in cinema attendance it is blatantly obvious that television play a considerable part. The opportunity to watch events of national significance such as V. E. Day parades and the marriage ceremony of Princess Elizabeth from the comfort of the home was a great advantage and gradually did draw an audience. When the Queen was crowned in 1953 there was a concerted effort made to ensure that the whole nation could see the insurance coverage on television if they so wished and twenty million did.After this date the steep incline of the attendance figures graph can without much fear of contradiction be attributed to the upsurge in telev ision purchases. withal, by this make up the decline in audience numbers had already been significant. Many of the reasons for the increase in popularity can as well as help to explain its demise. An examination of the cinema building themselves shows several points. Firstly the change from the small local cinema had brought about a change in the experience which actually sinkd the social aspect of the experience.By moving the location from town centres people no longer met their friends and neighbours, the new cinemas discouraged rowdy and unchaste behaviour so the experience became less of an interactive, social occasion. The purposes the old cinema building were put to adds another dimension to the debate. Many were converted to dance or bingo halls, the former for the young the later for their parents. The miscellanea of activities which had become acceptable during the war had increased, when people particularly the young went out they wanted to interact with the black e ye sex as well as their friends.Youth as a separate group with expendable property were now demanding other forms of entertainment as well as the cinema. In addition to this many of the big cinemas were no longer that new and provided a much less glamorous environment at an ever increasing cost. In his study of the geography of cinema going in Great Britain Barry Doyle found that during the period when cinema attendance was at its peak the number of cinemas especially in urban areas was correspondingly high. As new large out of town cinema interlockinges began to spring up many of the more convenient cinemas closed.He suggests a possible correlation between the decline of cinema attendance and the availability of access to cinemas. 8 Another factor in the decline in cinema attendance can be found in the film industry it self. The British film industry at this time was experiencing a golden age its films were well received and more critically successful then ever before. even so t he picture was something of a mirage. During the late twenties the financial situation for British production companies was so critical that production was all but at a standstill.In an effort to bolster the industry The plastic filmtographers Trade buck was introduced in 1927, in essence it was a quota system whereby owners were forced to show at first tail fin percent (rising as high as forty five per later), British films in their homes. 9 In practice what happened was that the British production companies had neither the money nor the infrastructure to produce sufficient good timberland films. They made terrible film which in turn gave the American studios the excuse and the opportunity to buy up or into British companies.Films could then be made in Britain using British talent using American money which could be shown within the quota system as British. This did have the short term effect of supporting the British film industry but drained revenues out of the country. So when the Americans hit problems as happened after the war there was no way of filling the gap. After the war the studio system in America could no longer sustain itself, the stars were demanding independence and freedom to choose their own real(a) this meant ever increasing production costs.At the same time the studios lost their other main source of revenue, self-possession of the distribution and theatre chains. This monopolistic practice was curtailed when they were forced by the American government to divest themselves of their theatre empires in 1949. 10 American Film simply cost more and there were less of them available. maybe the greatest threat to the British cinema came from the British Government whos interference in the industry had devastating consequences at this time. An audience once lost is hard to regain.In 1947 Dr Hugh Dalton was Chancellor of the Exchequer and in an attempt to curtail the flow of revenues from the country to America decided (without any consul tation with the industry), to impose a seventy five percent duty on all imported films. This resulted in the American film industries censor on Britain. No films until the tax was rescinded. After many machinations committees and discussions, it was lifted and the only tangible action interpreted was to raise the price of admission thus alienating the public even further.According to the figures of the British film institute five of the top ten films of all time were made in the nineteen forties and one, the oldest in the list Snow White and the seven Dwarfs was made in 1937. This is because cinema attendance in that ex were ten times higher than today. The changing face of British society throughout the early part of the century meant that the majority working class group had both time and money to spend on entertainment and the cinema provided a social and socially acceptable environment to spend that time and money.In the intelligent Housekeeping, Magazine of 1942 there is an article entitled Budgeting for Victory. In it the housewife is advised to reduce costs as much as possible, yet some provision for Holidays and amusements is still allowed. 11 So even at a time of great national crisis spending on entertainment is accepted as an essential all be it a minimal one. The decline in popularity was more complex than it seems at first with many factors playing a small part not least access. However it cannot be disputed that television with its convenience and it aid to status put the final nail in the coffin.It has been estimated that more people owned a television in 1960 than owned a refrigerator. 12 viewing it to be of significance in its own right as a symbol of the growing mellowness of British society. By the late fifties early sixties entertainment and the need to be seen to be doing well was of more importance than any convenience which might be gained from the purchase of an item that could not be displayed. So the cheap medium of the entertai nment of the masses to the occasional, one option out of many, in under a decade. ReferencesChris Wrigley, Blackwell Companion to British History, A Companion to Early Twentieth Century Britain, (Blackwell Publishers ltd, 2003) Alan G. Burton, The British Consumer Co-operative Movement and Film,1890-1960, (Manchester University Press, 2005) Brian McFarlane, The Encyclopedia of British Film, Methuen, London,2003) Eddie Dyja, BFI Film Handbook 2005, (London 2005) Shay Sayre, Cynthia King, Entertainment and Society Audiences Trends and Impacts, (Sage Publications,London,2003) Claire Monk, Amy Sargeant,British historic movie house, (Routledge, London 2002) Robert A.Rosentone, Revisioning History, Film and the Construction of a New Past, (Princton University Press,1995) Marcia Landy, British Genres Cinema and Society 1930-1960, (Princeton University Press,1991) Jeffrey Richards, The suppurate of the Dream Palace Cinema and Society in Britain 1930-1939, (Routledge, London,1984) John Hil l, Pamela Church Gibson, The Oxford overhaul to Film Studies, (Oxford University Press, 1998) Paddy Scannell, David Cardiff, A Social History of British Broadcasting, (Basil Blackwell Ltd, Oxford, 1991) John Barnes, The Beginning of the Cinema in England 1894-1901, ( University of Exeter Press 1998) Charles Barr, Ealing Studios, (Studio Vista, London,1993) Robert Murphy, Realism ans Tinsel Cinema ans Society in Britain 1939-49, (Routledge, London, 1992) Michael Sissons, Phillip French, Age of Austerity, (Greenwood Press,Connecticut,1976) Arthur Marwick, British Society since 1945, (Penguin Books, London,2003) Arthur Marwick, War and Social change in the Twentieth Century, (Macmillan, London,1974) James Chapman, The British At War Cinema State and Propaganda 1939-1945, (I. B.Tauris Publishers, London, 1998) Barbara Dixon, Wartime Scrapbook, Good Housekeeping, Collins and Brown, Chester, 2005) historic daybook of Film Radio and picture, vol 22, no 3, 2002 Frank Kessler, Introductio n Visible evidence But of What? Reassessing early non manufacture cinema diachronic daybook of Film Radio and Television, vol. 23, no. 2, 2003, Adrian Smith, Humphrey Jennings Heart of Britain (1941)a reassessment Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television, vol. 23, no. 1, 2003, Barry Doyle,The Geography of Cinemagoing in Great Britain,1934-1994 a comment Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television,vol. 23, no. 4, 2003, Josephine Dolan,Aunties and Uncles The BBCs Childrens Hour and liminal concerns in the 1920s Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television, vol. 25, no. , 2005, Su Holmes, Designed Specially for Television purposes and technique The Development of the Television Cinema Program in Britain in the 1950s Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television, vol. 24, no. 4, 2004, litigate Harper, A Lower Middle-Class Taste Community in the 1930s admissions figures at the Regent Cinema, Portsmouth,Uk Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television, vol. 25, no. 4, 2005, Lawrence Black,Whose Finger On the Button? 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